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		<title>Marx contre-attaque</title>
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				<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alain Badiou]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antonio Negri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[français]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jacques Rancière]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Michael Hardt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Slavoj Žižek]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By Aude Lancelin
Created 16/03/2009 -Published on Bibliobs (http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com)
 «L&#8217;idée de communisme» retrouverait-elle, par temps de crise, une vigueur inattendue? Alain Badiou [1], Slavoj Zizek [2], Toni Negri [3], Michael Hardt [4], Jacques Rancière [5] et plusieurs autres grands noms de la philosophie politique radicale mondiale étaient réunis, ce week-end, à Londres, pour un colloque sur [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/print/11321" target="_blank">By Aude Lancelin</a></div>
<div>Created 16/03/2009 -Published on Bibliobs (<a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/">http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com</a>)</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong> <em>«L&#8217;idée de communisme»</em> retrouverait-elle, par temps de crise, une vigueur inattendue? </strong><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank"><strong>Alain Badiou</strong></a> <span>[1]</span>, <strong><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank">Slavoj Zizek</a> <span>[2]</span>, </strong><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank"><strong>Toni Negri</strong></a> <span>[3]</span>, <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/michael-hardt" target="_blank"><strong>Michael Hardt</strong></a> <span>[4]</span>, <strong><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/jacques-ranciere" target="_blank">Jacques Rancière</a> <span>[5]</span> et plusieurs autres grands noms de la philosophie politique radicale mondiale étaient réunis, ce week-end, à Londres, pour un colloque sur cette notion. Aude Lancelin a suivi les débats<br />
</strong></p>
<div><img title="Faucille-Marteau_vignette.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/BibliObs.com/Faucille-Marteau_vignette.jpg" alt="Faucille-Marteau_vignette.jpg" width="140" height="140" /></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>On ignore si la tombe de <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/karl-marx" target="_blank">Marx</a> <span>[6]</span>, située au cimetière de Highgate à Londres</strong>, a été spécialement fleurie durant ce week-end. Il est certain en revanche qu&#8217;un hommage autrement plus stimulant vient d&#8217;être rendu au penseur au cœur même de la capitale britannique. Trois journées durant, du vendredi 13 au dimanche 15 mars 2009, les plus prestigieux noms de la philosophie politique radicale mondiale, de <strong>Slavoj Zizek</strong> à <strong>Alain Badiou</strong>, <strong>Toni Negri</strong>, <strong>Michael Hardt</strong>, <strong>Jacques Rancière</strong> et bien d&#8217;autres, se sont succédé à la tribune de la <a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/bih/" target="_blank">«Birkbeck university of London»</a> <span>[7]</span> pour réfléchir ensemble à l&#8217;avenir de l&#8217;idée communiste. Un amphithéâtre de neuf cent places avait été mis à disposition pour ce colloque à tous égards exceptionnel, sobrement intitulé <strong>«On the idea of Communism»</strong>. Il aura à peine suffi à contenir une foule spectaculairement jeune, attentive et rieuse, venue de l&#8217;Europe entière avec carnets de notes, canettes de Coca light et caméscopes high-tech pour entendre les grandes figures d&#8217;un concept politique qu&#8217;on disait salutairement mort.<span id="more-355"></span></p>
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<div style="margin: 3px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>«On the idea of communism», les participants au colloque<br />
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<div style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 6px; margin-right: 6px;"><em>Le colloque <strong>«On the idea of communism»</strong>, qui s&#8217;est tenu au <a href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/bih/" target="_blank">«Birkbeck Institute for the humanities»</a> <span>[7]</span>, Logan Hall, 20 Bedford Way, London, du vendredi 13 au 15 mars 2009, a rassemblé: </em><em>Judith Balso, Alain Badiou, Bruno Bosteels, Terry Eagleton, Peter Hallward, Michael Hardt, Toni Negri, Jacques Rancière, Alessandro Russo, Alberto Toscano, Gianni Vattimo, Slavoj Zizek.</em></p>
<p><em>Le <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/communism-programme.pdf" target="_blank">programme des interventions</a> <span>[8]</span> est <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/communism-programme.pdf" target="_blank">ici</a> <span>[8]</span>.<br />
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Doit-on voir dans cette étonnante affluence une conséquence des convulsions que connaît actuellement l&#8217;économie capitaliste mondiale? Il est certain que la désorientation actuelle se montre suffisamment profonde pour redonner un nouveau lustre aux objections marxistes. Ce n&#8217;est du reste pas le moindre de ses dégâts collatéraux, ne manqueront pas de grincer certains penseurs médiatiques hexagonaux. Prudence toutefois. On sait que les crises de cette ampleur peuvent faire sauter certains verrous idéologiques comme elles peuvent aussi déboucher sur le pire. Les Britanniques le savent bien, qui ont récemment connu des grèves ouvrières d&#8217;une ampleur inédite contre l&#8217;embauche de travailleurs étrangers. Une agitation inquiétante, vivement condamnée par <strong>Gordon Brown</strong>. Surpris par la réussite de leur propre démonstration de force, les organisateurs de ce week-end «rouge» non loin d&#8217;une City londonienne dramatiquement sinistrée se gardaient donc de tout triomphalisme.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank"></a></p>
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<div style="width: 204px;"><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank"><img title="Slavoj-Zizek_©Ibo-Sipa.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/Slavoj-Zizek_%C2%A9Ibo-Sipa.jpg" alt="Slavoj-Zizek_©Ibo-Sipa.jpg" width="204" height="291" /></a></p>
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<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank">©Ibo/Sipa</a></div>
<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank">Slavoj Zizek</a></div>
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<p><span>[2]</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un tabou est bel et bien en train de tomber cependant</strong>. Celui qui pesait sur le mot même de <em>«communisme»</em>, criminalisé depuis la fin des années 70, usé et définitivement ringardisé au cours de la décennie suivante. Le 7 mars dernier, une semaine avant le colloque de Londres, le «Financial Times» lui-même, peu suspiciable de complaisances gauchistes, posait sans précautions la question: <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ab5a8e92-0ab7-11de-95ed-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1" target="_blank"><em>«Communism: an alternative to capitalism once again?»</em></a> <span>[9]</span>. La veille, le journal avait déjà consacré un long portait au slovène <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank"><strong>Slavoj Zizek</strong></a> <span>[2]</span>, présenté en véritable rock star marxiste. De plus en plus populaire en Angleterre, désigné parmi les 25 «<em>top leaders» </em>intellectuels mondiaux par les lecteurs du «Foreign Policy» l&#8217;an dernier, Zizek a également été nommé directeur international dudit «Birckbek Institute», faculté ayant toujours maintenu une tradition d&#8217;accueil à l&#8217;égard des intellectuels communistes blacklistés pendant la guerre froide<em>(1)</em>. Une fonction honorifique qui lui aura permis de lancer l&#8217;idée de ce colloque avec le philosophe <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank"><strong>Alain Badiou</strong></a> <span>[1]</span>, lui aussi en voie de médiatisation accélérée au Royaume-Uni.</p>
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<div style="width: 170px;"><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank"><img title="Alain-Badiou_©Ibo-Sipa_0.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/BibliObs.com/Alain-Badiou_%C2%A9Ibo-Sipa_0.jpg" alt="Alain-Badiou_©Ibo-Sipa_0.jpg" width="170" height="244" /> </a></p>
<div style="width: 170px;">
<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank">©Ibo/Sipa</a></div>
<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank">Alain Badiou</a></div>
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<p><span>[1]</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Quelques jours avant le début de la manifestation, ce dernier apparaissait d&#8217;ailleurs à la BBC dans un célèbre talk politique pour y défendre son best-seller post-élections présidentielles, <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/de-quoi-sarkozy-est-il-le-nom" target="_blank"><strong>«De quoi Sarkozy est-il le nom?»</strong></a> <span>[10]</span>, qui vient de paraître en anglais chez Verso. Détail cocasse, si le célèbre auteur de <strong>«l&#8217;Etre et l&#8217;événement»</strong> est aussi l&#8217;objet de polémiques en Grande-Bretagne, c&#8217;est pour une raison inverse aux motifs français ordinaires. Le samedi 14, une petite manifestation anti-Badiou accueillait en effet à l&#8217;entrée le public&#8230; mais celle-ci était organisée par un quarteron de vieux militants du PC britannique, reprochant au philosophe sa supposée trahison social-démocrate et sa rupture avec les objectifs révolutionnaires. <em>Badiou go home</em>, en somme. Un comble pour le grand platonicien d&#8217;Ulm, encore caricaturé par beaucoup de médias français en sulfureux promoteur d&#8217;un maoïsme muséifié refusant de tirer les leçons des tragédies passées. Une opinion que ne semblait pas en tout cas partager le public du week-end, dont certains étaient venus de très loin pour observer de près le dernier maître lacano-althussérien issu des années 60, comme on vient toucher un morceau de la Sainte croix.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Loin de tout folklore bolchevique cependant</strong>, l&#8217;heure n&#8217;était pas à la rumination nostalgique ni à la provocation anti-libérale grossière durant ces trois journées de haute densité conceptuelle. L&#8217;humeur n&#8217;était évidemment pas davantage à une tentative de sauvetage partiel du bilan indiscutablement calamiteux des Partis-Etats communistes du XXe siècle. Sur ce plan-là, tous les intervenants étaient d&#8217;emblée d&#8217;accord. Deux conditions <em>sine qua non</em> déterminaient leur présence à cette manifestation. Être disposé à envisager positivement un renouveau de l&#8217;hypothèse communiste aujourd&#8217;hui, et n&#8217;être le porte-voix d&#8217;aucune formation politique institutionnelle. Non à la militance hargneuse, place à la <em>«patience du concept»</em>, selon l&#8217;expression du grand hégélien <strong>Gérard Lebrun</strong> citée par Zizek.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank"></a></p>
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<div style="width: 217px;"><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank"><img title="Toni-Negri_©Waechter-Caro_Fotos-Sipa.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/Toni-Negri_%C2%A9Waechter-Caro_Fotos-Sipa.jpg" alt="Toni-Negri_©Waechter-Caro_Fotos-Sipa.jpg" width="217" height="245" /></a></p>
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<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank">©Waechter/Caro Fotos/Sipa</a></div>
<div><a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank">Toni Negri</a></div>
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<p><span>[3]</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Moyennant quoi, et c&#8217;est en soi un événement, la totalité des personnalités conviées avaient accepté l&#8217;invitation, à l&#8217;exception de <strong>Giorgo Agamben</strong>, aux abonnés absents, et de la grande genderiste américaine <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/judith-butler" target="_blank"><strong>Judith Butler</strong></a> <span>[11]</span>, longtemps hésitante. Le philosophe <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/jean-luc-nancy" target="_blank"><strong>Jean-Luc Nancy</strong></a> <span>[12]</span>, prévu au programme, avait finalement dû renoncer la veille pour raisons médicales. Ainsi la gauche intellectuelle radicale était-elle représentée lors de ce meeting londonien dans ses multiples nuances, et ce jusqu&#8217;aux plus irréconciliablement opposées.</p>
<div><img title="Multitudes_revue.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/BibliObs.com/Multitudes_revue.jpg" alt="Multitudes_revue.jpg" width="113" height="158" /></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rien de commun en effet entre <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/toni-negri" target="_blank">Toni Negri</a> <span>[3]</span></strong>, ancien activiste italien devenu depuis la parution d&#8217;<strong>«Empire»</strong> &#8211; une référence théorique majeure pour le mouvement altermondialiste et certains collectifs de précaires ou d&#8217;intermittents &#8211; et <a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/slavoj-zizek" target="_blank"><strong>Slavoj Zizek</strong></a> <span>[2]</span>, aux antipodes de l&#8217;acharnement negriste contre l&#8217;Etat-nation. Tous deux auront d&#8217;ailleurs une légère prise de bec au sujet de la politique menée par <strong>Lula</strong> au Brésil, défendue par Negri au détriment de <strong>Chavez</strong>. Rien de commun non plus entre son concitoyen <strong>Alessandro Russo</strong> et le même Negri, ardent promoteur du <em>«oui»</em> au traité constitutionnel européen.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/romance/spanish/spanish_faculty/bosteels.html" target="_blank"></a></p>
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<div style="width: 150px;"><a href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/romance/spanish/spanish_faculty/bosteels.html" target="_blank"><img title="Bruno-Bosteels.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/BibliObs.com/Bruno-Bosteels.jpg" alt="Bruno-Bosteels.jpg" width="150" height="150" /></a></p>
<div style="width: 150px;">
<div><a href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/romance/spanish/spanish_faculty/bosteels.html" target="_blank">D.R.</a></div>
<div><a href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/romance/spanish/spanish_faculty/bosteels.html" target="_blank">Bruno Bosteels</a></div>
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<p><span>[13]</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Avec son coauteur <strong>Michael Hardt</strong>, spécialement venu des Etats-Unis pour l&#8217;occasion, tous deux défendent en effet une forme de deleuzisme mutant, incarné en France par la revue <a href="http://multitudes.samizdat.net/" target="_blank"><strong>«Multitudes»</strong></a> <span>[14]</span>, qui tend à envisager positivement certaines formes du capitalisme avancé comme une possible production de <em>«commun»</em>, le paradigme de cela étant fourni par Internet. Rien qui puisse donc les rapprocher des vues d&#8217;un <strong>Badiou</strong>, ni de sa garde rapprochée représentée ici par <strong>Alberto Toscano</strong> ou le jeune professeur de littérature à Cornell, USA, <strong>Bruno Bosteels</strong>, auteur le vendredi après-midi d&#8217;une remarquable intervention sur le <em>«communisme à l&#8217;âge de la terreur»</em>, très informée de la situation passée et actuelle du gauchisme français.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Rien de commun entre eux non</strong>, hormis l&#8217;horizon communiste justement. Hormis le souhait de ne pas laisser l&#8217;adversaire continuer à proclamer l&#8217;échec et la souillure définitive de cette idée émancipatrice sans laquelle, <em>«il n&#8217;y aurait rien dans le devenir historique et politique qui puisse être d&#8217;un quelconque intérêt pour un philosophe»</em>, selon la phrase d&#8217;<a href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/alain-badiou" target="_blank"><strong>Alain Badiou</strong></a> <span>[1]</span> reprise sur l&#8217;affiche pourpre du colloque de Birkbeck. Ce souci-là, <em>«le souci de ne pas se laisser imposer l&#8217;idée d&#8217;échec par l&#8217;autre camp,</em> <em>c&#8217;est de Gaulle qui me l&#8217;a inspirée»</em>, glisse le philosophe français. <em>«Nous avons perdu? Non, nous n&#8217;avons pas perdu, a-t-il dit en 1940&#8230; Il est alors parti à Londres, avec rien dans les poches, rien sous la manche. Et quelques années plus tard, c&#8217;est en vainqueur qu&#8217;il est revenu à Paris.»</em> Ici Londres, les communistes d&#8217;hier parlent à ceux de demain.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>A.L.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><em> </em></p>
<div><em><img title="BBKlogo.jpg" src="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/files/BibliObs.com/BBKlogo.jpg" alt="BBKlogo.jpg" width="177" height="69" /></em></div>
<p><em>(1) L&#8217;historien britannique marxiste <strong>Eric Hobsbawn</strong>, auteur de «l&#8217;Âge des extrêmes», y a notamment longtemps enseigné.</em></p>



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		<title>Seminário com Maurizio Lazzarato &#8211; UFRGS</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/12/10/seminario-com-maurizio-lazzarato-ufrgs/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/12/10/seminario-com-maurizio-lazzarato-ufrgs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Dec 2009 09:03:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2006]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[français]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurizio Lazzarato]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[subjtevididade]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trabalho imaterial]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Seminário com Maurizio Lazzarato &#8211; UFRGS &#8211; Trabalho imaterial e subjtevididade
De la connaissance à la croyance, de la critique à la production de subjectivité
Maurizio Lazzarato
Deutsch English Español
Je ne suis pas sûr que le problème politique de notre présent soit celui de l’art de la critique, puisque c’est le concept même de critique qui pose problème.
Foucault [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.postcapital.org/2009/12/10/seminario-com-maurizio-lazzarato-ufrgs/"><em>Click here to view the embedded video.</em></a></p>
<p><span id="video-description" style="display: block;">Seminário com Maurizio Lazzarato &#8211; UFRGS &#8211; Trabalho imaterial e subjtevididade</span></p>
<h1>De la connaissance à la croyance, de la critique à la production de subjectivité</h1>
<p>Maurizio Lazzarato</p>
<p><a href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/de">Deutsch</a> <a href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/en">English</a> <a href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/es">Español</a></p>
<p>Je ne suis pas sûr que le problème politique de notre présent soit celui de l’art de la critique, puisque c’est le concept même de critique qui pose problème.</p>
<p>Foucault à déjà démontré que dans l’œuvre de Kant nous pouvons trouver deux concepts de critique : le premier « qui pose la question des conditions sous lesquelles une connaissance vraie est possible » et le deuxième qui pose la question « Qu’est-ce que c’est notre actualité ? Quel est le champ actuel des expériences possibles »<a name="_ftnref1" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn1">[1]</a>. Le premier pose la question d’une critique théorique des « limites que la connaissance doit renoncer à franchir » et le deuxième pose la question d’une critique pratique des « franchissement possibles » qu’il qualifie ailleurs comme l’art de ne pas se faire gouverner ou de se gouverner soi-même.<span id="more-353"></span></p>
<p>Je voudrais développer ce deuxième concept de critique, que je ne sais pas justement si on peut l’appeler critique. Est-ce nous aurions pas plutôt besoin d’un art de l’événement, d’un art de  possibilités d’existence, l’art de modes de subjectivation, d’un art de ne pas se faire gouverner et de se gouverner soi-même?</p>
<p>Je voudrais développer ce deuxième concept de critique à partir de Gilles Deleuze pour qui il y a dans la philosophie une tradition qui remplace le modèle du savoir ou de la connaissance par celui de la croyance.</p>
<p>Si on substitue le modèle de la croyance à celui de la connaissance, la question change radicalement, puisque ce qui est au centre de l’interrogation ne sont plus les limites de notre connaissance, mais les possibilités de notre action, les possibilités de nos modes d’existence.</p>
<p>Ce changement de modèle a des profondes implications politiques, dont je vais essayer d’en nommer les principales.</p>
<p>Tout d’abord, qu’est-ce que c’est la croyance ?</p>
<p>Les deux grandes « mines » ou « fonds » qui aliment, travaillent, stockent cette « force motrice » (M. de Certeau<a name="_ftnref2" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn2">[2]</a>), cette « disposition à l’action » (W. James<a name="_ftnref3" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn3">[3]</a>), cette puissance d’affirmation et d’investissement subjectif qu’on appelle « croyance » sont la religion et le politique.</p>
<p>Selon William James, dans le phénomène religieux, notre expérience ne se limite pas au « monde visible » et « tangible », mais intègre aussi un « monde invisible », animé par des forces (âme, esprit, etc.) dont la perception et la connaissance nous échappent et qui font du monde visible un monde « incomplet », un monde non entièrement déterminé. L’indétermination et l’incomplétude du monde visible font appel à la croyance dont le principe et la mesure consistent dans l’action. L’essence de la foi consiste à affirmer et à croire dans le monde invisible comme réel et à risquer la puissance d’agir du sujet sur cette possibilité.</p>
<p>La religion s’adresse à nos « forces les plus intimes » dont la nature est à la fois « émotionnelle et agissante » (James) ou affective (Deleuze et Guattari). Il s’agit moins de forces personnelles ou psychologiques, que des forces qui, avec les concepts des savoirs contemporains, nous pourrions définir comme pré-individuelles, transindividuelles,  subconscientes, pré-discursives, des forces intensives (l’affect et les perceptions « pures » ). Plutôt que nous appartenir, elles nous traversent et produisent à la fois une altération et un élargissement des états de « conscience » et donc une augmentation de « notre puissance d’agir ».</p>
<p>La croyance (« disposition à l’action ») est à la fois une force génétique et expansive, un « pouvoir généreux » qui croit dans l’avenir et ces « possibles ambigus » et une force éthique puisqu’elle croit aux possibles que notre relation au monde et notre relation aux autres recèlent. Elle engage et risque le sujet dans une action dont le succès n’est pas assuré d’avance. Elle est donc la condition de toute transformation et de toute création.</p>
<p>Elle établit un lien au monde et un lien aux autres hommes que ni la connaissance ni les sensations ne sont pas capables d’instaurer, puisque le savoir et sens nous donnent toujours un monde fermé, sans vraie « extériorité ».</p>
<p>La sécularisation de la croyance religieuse dans le monde invisible et ses forces peut se dire à la manière de Gabriel Tarde : « le réel n’est intelligible que comme un cas du possible », « l’actuel n’est qu’une infinitésimale partie du réel ». Le réel n’est pas entièrement actualisé de façon que notre action « s’exerce sur des possibilités » et non points sur des faits « bruts et actuels ». Le monde « invisible », dont la connaissance nous échappe, « puisque les éléments du monde recèlent des virtualités inconnues et profondément inconnaissables, même à une intelligence infinie », ne constitue plus un monde de l’au-delà, mais le « dehors » immanent au réel. Il s’agit d’un monde qui n’est pas « régit par l’espace et par le temps »<a name="_ftnref4" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn4">[4]</a>, mais par la logique de l’événement qui est à la fois immanente et hétérogène au temps chronologiques, qui rompt sa progression linéaire et, en la rompant, ouvre à une nouvelle chronologie et recharge le monde des possibles, en faisant ainsi appelle à notre puissance d’agir. L’expérience se transforme en expérimentation, prise de risque et paris, volonté de mettre à l’épreuve soi-même, les autres et le monde.</p>
<p>Donc la croyance et l’agir et notamment l’agir politiques sont étroitement liés.</p>
<p>Selon Deleuze, c’est la croyance qui dévoilent une partie des problèmes politiques contemporains : « le fait moderne, c’est que nous ne croyons plus en ce monde ». Le lien éthico-politique de l’homme et du monde et de l’homme avec les autres hommes est rompu.</p>
<p>« Dès lors, c’est le lien qui doit devenir objet de croyance : il est l’impossible que ne peut être redonné que dans une foi. La croyance ne s’adresse plus à un monde autre ou transformé (…) Nous avons besoin des raisons de croire en ce monde »<a name="_ftnref5" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn5">[5]</a> tel qu’il est et aux possibilités d’action et de vie qu’il recèle. Ainsi, notre scepticisme n’est pas cognitif, mais éthique. L’impasse est à la fois politique et éthique, une impasse qui concerne notre prise de position, d’engagement, de mise à l’épreuve du monde, des autres et de nous-même.</p>
<p>Qu’est-ce que Deleuze veut dire avec l’affirmation que nous ne croyons plus au monde et que nous devons croire au monde tel qu’il est ? Croire au monde tel qu’il est, signifie prendre parti par rapport à ces possibilités, puisque leur actualisation est à la fois l’objet des conflits et des bifurcations et des alternatives radicalement différentes.</p>
<p>Croire au monde tel qu’il est signifie à la fois investir la puissance d’agir contre ses dispositifs d’assujettissement et de domination pour ne pas se faire gouverner, mais aussi croire dans les nouveaux possibles, dans les nouvelles significations, agencements, modes d’existence que la lutte contre ces mêmes relations de domination et d’assujettissement ouvre pour se gouverner soi-même.</p>
<p>Dans les sociétés disciplinaires, le communisme a constitué une « hypothèse vivante » qui a mobilisé la croyance et les forces les plus intimes, « passionnelles et volitives », d’une grande partie de l’humanité. Pour cette dernière, pendant la deuxième partie du XIX et presque tout le XX siècle, la révolution a représenté le lien existentiel et éthico-politique entre l’homme et le monde et le prolétariat ou la classe ouvrière, le lien existentiel et éthico-politique qui tenait ensemble les hommes.</p>
<p>William James définit « hypothèse tout ce qui est proposé à notre croyance » et établit une différence entre « hypothèses vivantes » (ou options vivantes) et hypothèses mortes » (ou options mortes). L’hypothèse vivante se pose comme une « véritable possibilité », c’est-à-dire qu’elle « dispose à agir irrévocablement », l’ « hypothèse morte », au contraire, ne constitue pas une véritable possibilité et ne dispose pas à l’action.</p>
<p>Pourquoi le communisme, la révolution, le prolétariat, tels que nous les avons connus à partir de la fin du XIX siècle, sont aujourd’hui des hypothèses ou des options mortes ? Pourquoi le communisme, tels qu’il a été et qu’il continue encore à être pratiqué par les trotskistes, les maoïstes, les communistes ne fait plus appel à notre puissance d’agir ? Pourquoi notre croyance n’adhère pas à cette hypothèse ?</p>
<p>Une hypothèse morte est « un appel à l’action qui ne saurait trouver aucun écho dans notre conscience »<a name="_ftnref6" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn6">[6]</a>. Une option morte est une hypothèse sur le monde et sur ses possibilités qui ne résonne plus avec notre subjectivité.</p>
<p>Prenons un topos classique de l’hypothèse communiste au XX siècle : la relation entre ouvriers et intellectuels, qui suppose toute une réalité et une théorie de la production matérielle et de la superstructure, un ordonnément et une hiérarchie des fonctions, des rôles, des connexions des ouvriers et des intellectuels aussi bien dans l’action sociale que dans l’acte révolutionnaire.</p>
<p>Dans la subjectivité d’un intermittent, d’un chercheur, précaire intellectuel, etc., les fonctions, les rôles et les connexions des ouvriers et des intellectuels et leur possibilités d’action ne sauraient trouver beaucoup d’écho, puisque ce qui était séparé dans les conditions de l’hypothèse communiste (la subordination salariale de l’ouvrier et l’autonomie de l’intellectuel qui se renversait d’ailleurs dans la liberté de l’acte révolutionnaire du premier et dans la subordination à sa classe , la bourgeoisie, pour le deuxième) se trouve complètement reconfiguré dans l’intermittent. Ce dernier est une hybridation et une transformation radicales de ces deux fonctions. Il vit d’autres formes de subordination et d’autres formes d’autonomie, son action se déroule dans une situation, l’industrie culturelle, et à l’intérieur d’une segmentarité sociale, des dispositifs d’assujettissement, etc., qui n’ont pas grande chose à voir avec le monde de l’hypothèse communiste.</p>
<p>L’ « attente » ou le « sens de l’avenir », qui selon James font « partie à tout moment des éléments de la conscience » ou, comme on dirait aujourd’hui, de la subjectivité, sont passablement différents chez un intermittent et chez un ouvrier ou un intellectuel de l’hypothèse communiste. De la même manière que l’actuel et le virtuel d’un chômeur, d’un travailleur pauvre , d’un travailleur à l’emploi discontinu et même d’un salarié à plein temps, se différencie radicalement de ceux de l’ouvrier de l’hypothèse communiste.</p>
<p>Les possibles que l’attente et le sens de l’avenir peuvent créer ne viennent pas de nulle part, ils ne sont pas une invention ex nihilo , autrement il suffirait un acte de volonté ou de conscience pour les faire surgir. « Faire reposer la foi sur la volonté constitue une sotte entreprise », nous suggère James.<a name="_ftnref7" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn7">[7]</a></p>
<p>Les possibles sont à la fois engagés dans le monde (et on pourrait en faire une critique) et radicalement irréductibles et hétérogènes à ce même monde (et on ne peut pas faire une critique de quelque chose qui n’est pas actuel). On ne peut ni les déduire du monde, ni les créer de façon indépendante du monde tel qu’il est. L’action se loge dans ce paradoxe.</p>
<p>Croire au monde tel qu’il est, c’est d’abord accepter et reconnaître ces transformations, qui sont d’abord de transformations qui affectent la subjectivité, ses attentes, son sens de l’avenir et donc ses possibilités d’action.</p>
<p>Ce qui a tué l’hypothèse communiste ce n’est pas le capitalisme, ni la démocratie, ni le libéralisme comme croient ce qui reste des communistes, des trotskistes, des maoïstes. Ce qui l’a tué « pour nous c’est en grand partie une certaine sorte d’action antagoniste préalable de notre nature volitive » et passionnelle.<a name="_ftnref8" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn8">[8]</a></p>
<p>La reconversion de la subjectivité qui s’est produite à l’occasion d’un événement politique mondial (qu’on appelle pour commodité 68) nous a fait rentrer dans un autre monde, dans d’autres relations de domination et d’assujettissement, mais aussi dans un monde enveloppant d’autres possibles qui, nouveau paradoxe, sont déjà là et dont l’actualisation est une création, une nouvelle et imprévisible différentiation.</p>
<p>L’hypothèse communiste n’est pas seulement une option morte. Elle constitue aussi un obstacle au déploiement de l’invention politique. Pour pouvoir développer un mouvement politique dans le capitalisme contemporain, il faut opérer une neutralisation des « croyances-habitudes » qui nourrissent, encore aujourd’hui, les analyses et les pratiques des porteurs de l’hypothèse communiste (les trotskistes, les maoïstes, les communistes).</p>
<p>Le monde de l’hypothèse communiste est un monde où les relations de pouvoir, les rôles sociaux, les fonctions sont strictement définis et hiérarchisés autour du travail et de la classe ouvrière et les possibles qui s’en dégagent et qu’il s’agit d’actualiser sont tout aussi strictement déterminés par des séquences d’action politique codifiées (action syndicale et politique) qui convergent vers la « lutte finale » (prise du pouvoir, dictature du prolétariat, transition, etc.). Ces croyances ne résonnent pas dans l’âme puisqu’elles sont désormais des clichés, des habitudes autoritaires et dogmatiques.</p>
<p>Le communisme a cru à l’histoire universelle et à l’avènement du prolétariat et de la révolution qu’elle portait dans son sein. Les ruptures révolutionnaires, l’enchaînement des événements et leur sens n’étaient que des étapes dans un processus dont les finalités étaient définies et ordonnées par l’histoire. Le passage par le capitalisme marquait sa dernière étape, avant la réconciliation « finale ».</p>
<p>L’action était mesurée, réglée et ordonnée à des valeurs transcendantes, même si cette transcendance se présentait comme sécularisée, même si la croyance (la disposition à l’action) ne visait plus un monde de l’au-delà , mais un monde à transformer, ici-bas. La croyance dans l’hypothèse communiste subordonnait le temps à l’histoire universelle, l’action à son déroulement.</p>
<p>La disjonction de temps et de l’histoire implique un changement radical de la manière d’agir, puisqu’elle fait émerger un devenir qui échappe au temps chronologique, à l’histoire. Croire au monde tel qu’il est signifie loger l’action sur les modalités de l’événement qui, vient de l’histoire et retombe dans l’histoire sans être lui-même historique.</p>
<p>Les luttes comme contemporaines se trouvent confrontées à des nouveaux problèmes. Elles éclatent et se déroulent dans un capitalisme qui n’a pas grande chose à voir avec celui décrit par l’hypothèse communiste, puisque l’action se développe dans le cadre de la disjonction du temps et de l’histoire.</p>
<p>La rupture de la subordination du temps à l’histoire fait appel non pas à une faculté déterminée (telle la connaissance, par exemple), mais à l’indétermination de notre puissance d’agir, de façon que la question « ce qui se passe ? » et « ce qui va se passer ? », devient l’obsession du pouvoir. Comment et sur quoi fixer la croyance, comme maîtrise et réguler la « disposition à agir » ? Comment à la fois exploiter, solliciter, favoriser la croyance-confiance qui est la condition ou le germe de toute nouvelle création, de toute rupture et de toute ouverture à l’action ? Et comment la contrôler et la brimer, pour qu’elle ne déborde pas des limites de l’entreprise et du marché, pour qu’elle ne se transforme en processus de subjectivation dont celui des intermittents est seulement une petite et partielle expérimentation ?</p>
<p>Par des dispositifs à la fois hypermodernes et néo-archaïques qui opèrent sur ce que William James appelle la « zone plastique » qui se configure comme « le courroie de transmission de l’incertain, le point de rencontre du passé et de l’avenir », comme la zone du « présent mouvant » de l’événement. Cette zone plastique (ou « zone d’insécurité »), où se produisent les « différences singulières » qui provoquent des « modifications sociales » est au cœur de la bataille politique du capitalisme contemporain, puisqu’elle implique un conflit autour de l’actualisation des possibles et de la production de subjectivité.</p>
<p>Si limitée qu’elle soit, elle « suffit à contenir toute la série des passions humaines », tandis que les domaines des attributs moyens d’un peuple ou d’une société, « si vaste qu’il soit – il est inerte et stagnant », c’est une « richesse indéfiniment acquise qui exclut toute incertitude ».<a name="_ftnref9" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn9">[9]</a> Les dispositifs hypermodernes affirment que non seulement la « zone plastique » existe et qu’il faut y croire et qu’il faut donc la ménager, l’élargir, la favoriser, la financer en tant que zone plastique de et pour l’entreprise et le marché. En effet, ils ajoutent immédiatement que si possibles existent, ils n’existent nulle part ailleurs que dans le marché et dans l’entreprise. L’hypermodernité de la déterritorialisation capitaliste nous enjoint d’investir la subjectivité, son « pouvoir généreux » et son sens de l’avenir, dans des alternatives qui n’en sont pas, puisque s’il y a des choix à faire, ce sont de choix qui portent sur des alternatives déjà déterminées et codifiées.</p>
<p>La gouvernamentalité néo-libérale produit de la liberté, dit Foucault, c’est-à-dire, des possibles et des choix sur ces possibles. Mais cette production de « libérté » est différentielle et très sélective. Elle est distribuée de façon très inégalitaire entre les groupes sociaux et les individus et elle ne peut s’exercer qu’à l’intérieur de contraintes et des subordinations de l’entreprise et dans des conditions préalablement fixées par le marché). Elle encadre et canalise la croyance vers la « production » et la « consommation » par la série de dispositifs que nous avons analysé.</p>
<p>Ce que les « reformes »  néo-libérales montrent de façon irréfutable est la chose suivante : ce qui donne le ton et la couleur, ce qui imprègne l’univers néo-libéral n’est pas la « liberté », ni le possible, ni le choix. Dans le cœur même du capitalisme contemporain, c’est-à-dire dans le marché et dans l’entreprise, il n’est pas question d’agonisme et de rivalité entre des hommes libres qui impliquent risque, courage, confiance, mais de concurrence de tous contre tous dont le ressort principale est la peur.</p>
<p>La « réformes » détruisent certaines libertés, certaines conceptions et certaines pratiques du risque, du choix et de la confiance, pour en instaurer d’autres qui à leur tour sont soumis à des nouvelles formes de contrôle et de management.</p>
<p>Les reformes doivent distribuer des différentiels de liberté en essayant d’augmenter la fidélité à l’emploi et à la gouvernamentalité de la part des couches supérieures des gouvernés et en diffusant l’incertitude et la précarité dans les couches inférieures. La stratégie générale, qui concerne aussi bien les insiders que les outsiders, consiste dans d’introduire plus de  concurrence, plus d’incertitude, plus de peur.</p>
<p>Cette même logique de la concurrence, de la peur et de la méfiance est secrété et diffusé dans le corps social par les institutions qui devraient garantir les droits de salariés et de la population.</p>
<p>Le passage de la mutualisation à l’assurance privée qui affecte l’Etat Providence, n’est pas simplement un changement dans les modalités du gouvernement économique et social, mais aussi et surtout un changement dans le gouvernement des passions et notamment de la croyance-confiance.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Les réformes constituent un dispositif de reconversion de la subjectivité qui consiste à la fois  dans la captation de l’énergie motrice de la croyance et dans son déplacement. Il s’agit de fabriquer la croyance (la confiance) en l’efficacité de l’entreprise et des marchés dans la couverture des risques et de désigner les modalités mutualistes de protection comme des résidus collectivistes d’un temps révolu dont il faut se méfier.</p>
<p>Pour que les réformes réussissent, il faut vider les institutions de la sécurité sociale des passions, affects et croyances « mutualistes » qui les ont rendu possibles et qui les reproduisent (solidarité, égalité, confiance, dans l’action collective, etc., qui malgré le paritarisme, conservaient encore quelque chose de leur origine). De la même manière, les formes collectives d’assurance, comme la retraite par répartition doivent susciter, par leur prétendue insolvabilité, la peur.</p>
<p>Si la devise pour le développement des luttes contemporaines peut se résumer dans l’affirmation de Deleuze « croit au monde tel qu’il est », celle du capitalisme contemporain s’énonce de cette manière : « ait peur et méfie-toi du monde, des autres et de toi-même ».</p>
<p>Qu’au niveau micro, le management s’agite beaucoup, aussi bien à niveau d’entreprise que du social, pour parler de responsabilité, autonomie, créativité, fierté, confiance, esprit d’équipe, n’empêche pas, qu’au niveau macro la passion dominante, soigneusement produite et entretenue, soit la peur.</p>
<p>La peur, constitue moins une inhibition à l’action (passivité), qu’un retournement des forces passionnelles et volitives et de la « disposition à agir » contre les autres, contre le monde, contre soi-même. La peur aussi fait appel à la puissance d’agir et à la force d’invention, puisque les néo-archaïsmes qui doivent fixer la croyance (les relations aux valeurs de la tradition, à la religion, à l’autorité, les généalogies individuelles et collectives, les filiations, etc.) sont à fabriquer à travers un montage des dispositifs législatifs, économiques, financières et discursifs. La peur mobilise la disposition à agir, les énergies les plus intimes, les forces volitives et passionnelles, les penchants actifs de la subjectivité, mais pour les retourner contre l’immigré, l’étranger, le pauvre, le chômeur, les femmes et contre les possibles que leurs mondes contiennent.</p>
<p>Plutôt qu’une simple neutralisation de la puissance d’agir (passivité), la peur opère un retournement de sa direction temporelle. Le mouvement punk avait parfaitement saisi au moment même où la gouvernementalité néo-libérale se mettait en place la nature profonde de sa temporalité que Foucault, à la même époque, n’a pas su saisir avec le même brio : le « Nous vivons vers l’avant »<a name="_ftnref10" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftn10">[10]</a> de notre expérience de tous les jours est retourné en « No future ! »</p>
<p>En colonisant le présent, la crainte change la direction de la flèche du temps de notre disposition à l’action : nos sociétés vivent à l’aune du devoir de mémoire, prisonnières de leur passé inventé de toute pièce, d’ailleurs. La gouvernementalité néo-libérale opère un renversement qui est un classique dans l’histoire de la domination et de l’assujettissement, la transformation de l’espoir en crainte, du pouvoir généreux et de la force qui donne, en ressentiment, de la confiance en méfiance.</p>
<p>L’action reste le principe et l’étalon de la gouvernementalité neo-libérale, mais il s’agit de l’action qui a déjà été, de l’action qui s’est déjà produite. Le sentiment d’attente et le sens de l’avenir qui mobilisent notre puissance d’agir et qui, en principe, devraient trouver des conditions favorables à leur actualisation dans le « capitalisme cognitif », dans le « capitalisme culturel » ou dans la société du savoir, sont retournés vers le passé, vers la mémoire, vers ce qui a été.</p>
<p>L’histoire revient, non pas comme dans la philosophie de l’histoire, c’est-à-dire comme quelque chose à accomplir par la révolution ou par le progrès, mais comme quelque chose qui s’est déjà achevée et qui, du fond du passé, fonctionne comme principe et mesure de l’action au présent. L’événement n’est pas ce qui va se produire, ce qui est en train de se faire, mais ce qui s’est déjà produit. L’étalon, la mesure de l’action est devenu le « devoir de mémoire » dont le président Sarkozy est un de plus grands adeptes. L’esclavage, la shoah, les massacres et génocides, les victimes du communisme soviétique, le nazisme allemand, la révolution culturelle, Pol Pot, etc. sont les événements qui contraignent et dirigent l’action de l’homme démocratique contemporain.</p>
<p>C’est un comble pour la soi-disant société de la connaissance qui signifie, en réalité, que ce n’est sûrement pas du côté savoir qu’il faut chercher le salut, mais plutôt dans le processus de subjectivation, c’est-à-dire dans le processus éthico-politique qui se produit à partir des configurations actuelles des relations de pouvoir et de domination du « capitalisme cognitif » et de possibles que la lutte (micro et macro-politique) contre ces formes de domination crée et actualise.</p>
<p>Lorsque nous décrivons les possibles du capitalisme contemporain (culturel, cognitif, de la connaissance, etc., peu importe), nous n’avons encore rien dit sur les modalités de subjectivation qu’à partir de cette réalité peuvent être produites, puisque ce que l’on décrit sont « possibilités ambiguës » qui sont précisément l’objet d’actualisation conflictuelle. Si la subjectivation vient de l’histoire et retombe dans l’histoire, elle se produit dans cette « zone plastique », dans cette « zone d’insécurité » qui, en faisant appel à notre subjectivité, ajoute quelque chose d’imprévisible au monde qui rejaillit, traverse et reconfigure l’histoire.</p>
<p>Nous avons encore eu un exemple terrifiant de comment on peut basculer de l’hypermodernité au néo-archaïsme, avec une vitesse impressionnante, grâce à la puissance de la subjectivation.</p>
<p>Dans les Etats-Unis de Bush, l’hypermodernité de la soi-disant « classe créative », l’hypermodernité des savoirs, des nouvelles technologies, des modèles innovants de formation, de consommation, de communications, de crédits, de production, etc., n’ont pas été capables d’opposer aucune résistance à un mensonge en soi bancal et risible comme celui qui a ouvert et légitimé la guerre en Irak. L’hypermodernité a produit une « croyance », une conversion de la subjectivité et donc une disposition à agir qui n’a rien à envier aux phénomènes de contagion collective, de « superstition », d’ « ignorance » dont on suppose que nos sociétés acculturés et cognitives se sont libérés. La croyance, il faut le répéter, précède et dépasse le savoir.</p>
<p>Les savoirs, les technologies de l’information, les dispositifs démocratiques, la formation et l’acculturation de la population, etc., n’ont pas formé une barrière, mais elles ont, au contraire, amplifié la « croyance » et la disposition à agir dans des hypothèses aussi réactionnaires que possibles. Comment se fait-il que la société la plus hypermoderne de la planète produise, accepte, légitime les néo-archaïsmes des néo-conservateurs les plus bornés ? La rapidité du basculement tient au fait qu’il s’agit, comme nous ont appris Deleuze et Guattari de deux faces inséparables du mouvement du capitalisme.</p>
<p>Le gouvernement néo-libérale est, selon une autre intuition de Deleuze et Guattari, un dispositif d’anti-production, puisque la conversion de la subjectivité qu’il produit consiste en son laminage, sa standardisation, son homogénéisation. Ce n’est pas en opposant une critique que on peut s’opposer à ce déferlement de croyance.</p>
<p>Pour terminer. Dans cette nouvelle configuration politique, comment mobiliser la croyance, c’est-à-dire la disposition à agir ?</p>
<p>En croyant dans le monde nous a dit Deleuze.</p>
<p>Croire dans le monde et à ses possibilités, signifie risquer une action qui ne se subordonne plus à aucune normativité extérieure, à aucune transcendance, mais construit, en montant et en problématisant des dispositifs « processuels, polyphoniques et autopoïetiques », ses propres règles, ses propres protocoles, ses propres modalités d’organisation, ses propres hypothèses partielles et spécifiques qu’elle met toujours à l’épreuve de ce qui est et de ce qui arrive.</p>
<p>Croire dans le monde tel qu’il est et à ses possibilités, signifie ne pas s’engager dans processus de subjectivation transcendants et totalisants, mais dans processus qui n’ont pas déjà un modèle auquel se conformer, mais qui problématisent, interrogent, explorent leur propre devenir. Croire dans le monde tel qu’il est, signifie croire que la recomposition, la synthèse, l’unité est toute aussi problématique que l’événement, car aussi bien la première que le second, en même temps qu’il se pose et s’actualise, se scinde et se différencie, de façon que l’affirmation n’est pas fusion. Croire au monde tel qu’il est, signifie encore risquer sa disposition à agir dans la synthèse disjonctive de modes d’action hétérogènes (l’être-contre et l’être-ensemble, le micro et le macro-politique, le changement politique et le changement dans le sensible) et croire dans l’impossibilité de totaliser les différents éléments et les différents modalités de subjectivation dans un tout harmonieux et dans une réconciliation finale.</p>
<p>A travers l’engagement subjectif dans les luttes contemporaines et leurs modalités d’expression, on peut aisément saisir ce à quoi nous ne croyons plus. Nous n’engageons pas notre subjectivité dans un savoir universel, surplombant et synthétique qui embrasserait le monde et ses contradictions. Les savoirs se produisent dans l’écart entre le pathique et le cognitif et la parole s’énonce dans l’intervalle du discursif et du non discursif. L’action, pour trouver un écho dans la subjectivité contemporaine, doit se dérouler aussi bien en deçà et au-delà du savoir et en deçà et au-delà du langage et de la représentation.</p>
<p>« Notre expérience est faite entre autre de variations de vitesse et de direction et vit plus dans ces transitions que dans la fin du voyage » et elle a pour frange « un plus à venir » et un « peut – être » à réaliser. C’est pour cette raison que le mot d’ordre du mouvement de 68 « Soyons réalistes, demandons l’impossible » n’a pas cessé de prendre de la consistance politique et existentielle.</p>
<p>Avec la nécessité de croire à l’impossible et à l’impensable, la portée de la critique est très limitée puisque elle doit s’agencer à des nouveaux savoirs et à des nouvelles pratiques et des nouvelles techniques politiques (l’art de ne pas se faire gouverner et de se gouverner soi-même, à l’art de la production de modes d’existence et de modalité de subjectivation). Sans cet agencement la critique elle risque même d’être anti-productive.</p>
<div>
<hr size="1" />
<div id="ftn1">
<p><a name="_ftn1" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Michel Foucault, <em>Dits et Ecrits</em>, Folio, p. 1506.</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p><a name="_ftn2" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Michel de Certeau, <em>L’invention du quotidien, 1</em>,<em> Arts de faire</em>, p. 260.</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p><a name="_ftn3" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref3">[3]</a> William James, <em>La volonté de croire</em>, Paris: Les Empêcheurs de Penser en Rond, 2005.</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p><a name="_ftn4" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref4">[4]</a> « L’événement vient comme une rupture par rapport aux coordonnées de temps et d’espace. Et Marcel Duchamp pousse le point d’accommodation pour montrer qu’il y a toujours en retrait des rapports de discursivité temporelle, un index possible sur le point de cristallisation de l’événement hors temps, qui traverse le temps, transversal à toute les mesures du temps. » (Félix Guattari, <em>Chimères</em>, n° 23, p. 63.)</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p><a name="_ftn5" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Gilles Deleuze, <em>L’image-temps</em>, p. 223.</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p><a name="_ftn6" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref6">[6]</a> William James, <em>La volonté de croire</em>, p. 43.</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p><a name="_ftn7" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref7">[7]</a> Ibid.</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p><a name="_ftn8" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref8">[8]</a> Ibid., p. 45: « Par nature volitive je n’entends pas seulement ces actes volontaires réfléchis nés des certaines croyances habituelles (…), mais j’entends encore tous les facteurs de la foi, tel que la crainte et l’espoir, les préjugés et les passions, l’imitation et l’esprit de parti, l’influence de la caste et du milieu (…) l’ensemble des influences qui, issues du « climat » intellectuel rendent nos hypothèses possibles ou impossibles pour nous, vivantes ou mortes. »</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p><a name="_ftn9" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref9">[9]</a> Ibid., p. 254.</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p><a name="_ftn10" href="http://transform.eipcp.net/transversal/0808/lazzarato/fr/#_ftnref10">[10]</a> William James, <em>Essais d’empirisme radical</em>, p. 175.</div>
</div>



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		<title>9/11 tragedy pager intercepts.</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/25/911-tragedy-pager-intercepts/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/25/911-tragedy-pager-intercepts/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 10:47:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=348</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[http://911.wikileaks.org/ (thanks Tiziana Terranova)
From 3AM on Wednesday November 25, 2009, until 3AM the following day (US east coast time), WikiLeaks is releasing over half a million US national text pager intercepts. The intercepts cover a 24 hour period surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington.
The messages are being broadcast to the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/" target="_blank">http://911.wikileaks.org/</a> (thanks Tiziana Terranova)</p>
<p>From 3AM on Wednesday November 25, 2009, until 3AM the following day (US east coast time), WikiLeaks is releasing over half a million US national text pager intercepts. The intercepts cover a 24 hour period surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington.<br />
The messages are being broadcast to the global community &#8220;live&#8221;, sychronized to the time of day they were sent. The first message is from 3AM September 11, 2001, five hours before the first attack, and the last, 24 hours later.</p>
<p>Text pagers are usualy carried by persons operating in an official capacity. Messages in the archive range from Pentagon and New York Police Department exchanges, to computers reporting faults to their operators as the World Trade Center collapsed.</p>
<p>The archive is a completely objective record of the defining moment of our time. We hope that its revelation will lead to a more nuanced understanding of the event and its tragic consequences.<br />
An index of messages released so far is available <a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/index.html">here</a>.</p>
<p>Twitter users should refer to <em>#911txts</em>. We will give status updates at <a href="http://twitter.com/wikileaks">twitter.com/wikileaks</a>.</p>
<p>Observations should be <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/a7xpt/conspiracy_theories_commence_wikileaks_to_release/">posted here</a>.</p>
<div style="height: 15px;"><!-- Spacer --></div>
<div style="padding-left: 10%;">
<p><strong>Last 12 intercept collections:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_35_2001_09_11-05_39.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_35 to 2001_09_11-05_39.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_30_2001_09_11-05_34.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_30 to 2001_09_11-05_34.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_25_2001_09_11-05_29.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_25 to 2001_09_11-05_29.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_20_2001_09_11-05_24.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_20 to 2001_09_11-05_24.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_15_2001_09_11-05_19.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_15 to 2001_09_11-05_19.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_10_2001_09_11-05_14.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_10 to 2001_09_11-05_14.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_05_2001_09_11-05_09.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_05 to 2001_09_11-05_09.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_00_2001_09_11-05_04.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_00 to 2001_09_11-05_04.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_55_2001_09_11-04_59.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_55 to 2001_09_11-04_59.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_50_2001_09_11-04_54.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_50 to 2001_09_11-04_54.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_45_2001_09_11-04_49.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_45 to 2001_09_11-04_49.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_40_2001_09_11-04_44.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_40 to 2001_09_11-04_44.</a></p>
<div style="height: 15px;"><!-- Spacer --></div>
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		<title>Agamben sur Tiqqun</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 08:33:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Editions La Fabrique]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[français]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Giorgio Agamben]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tiqqun]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[www.contretemps.eu
Le philosophe Giorgio Agamben présente Contributions à la guerre en cours de Tiqqun, aux Editions La Fabrique, un livre qui rassemble trois textes écrits il y a près de dix ans : &#8220;Introduction à la guerre civile&#8221;, &#8220;Une métaphysique critique pourraît naître comme science des dispositifs&#8221; et &#8220;Comment faire ?&#8221;.



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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/"><em>Click here to view the embedded video.</em></a></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.contretemps.eu/">www.contretemps.eu</a><br />
Le philosophe Giorgio Agamben présente Contributions à la guerre en cours de Tiqqun, aux Editions La Fabrique, un livre qui rassemble trois textes écrits il y a près de dix ans : &#8220;Introduction à la guerre civile&#8221;, &#8220;Une métaphysique critique pourraît naître comme science des dispositifs&#8221; et &#8220;Comment faire ?&#8221;.</p>



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		<title>20 Years of Collapse</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/20-years-of-collapse/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/20-years-of-collapse/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 08:25:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berlin Wall]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cold War Era]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Slavoj Žižek]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=342</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[November 9, 2009
By SLAVOJ ZIZEK
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/opinion/09zizek.html
TODAY is the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Duringthis time of reflection, it is common to emphasize the miraculousnature of the events that began that day: a dream seemed to come true,the Communist regimes collapsed like a house of cards, and the worldsuddenly changed in ways that [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>November 9, 2009<br />
By SLAVOJ ZIZEK</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/opinion/09zizek.html" target="_blank">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/opinion/09zizek.html</a></p>
<p>TODAY is the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Duringthis time of reflection, it is common to emphasize the miraculousnature of the events that began that day: a dream seemed to come true,the Communist regimes collapsed like a house of cards, and the worldsuddenly changed in ways that had been inconceivable only a few monthsearlier. Who in Poland could ever have imagined free elections withLech Walesa as president?<span id="more-342"></span></p>
<p>However, when the sublime mist of the velvet revolutions was dispelledby the new democratic-capitalist reality, people reacted with anunavoidable disappointment that manifested itself, in turn, asnostalgia for the “good old” Communist times; as rightist, nationalistpopulism; and as renewed, belated anti-Communist paranoia.</p>
<p>The first two reactions are easy to comprehend. The same rightists whodecades ago were shouting, “Better dead than red!” are now often heardmumbling, “Better red than eating hamburgers.” But the Communistnostalgia should not be taken too seriously: far from expressing anactual wish to return to the gray Socialist reality, it is more a formof mourning, of gently getting rid of the past. As for the rise of therightist populism, it is not an Eastern European specialty, but acommon feature of all countries caught in the vortex of globalization.</p>
<p>Much more interesting is the recent resurgence of anti-Communism from Hungary to Slovenia. During the autumn of 2006, large protests againstthe ruling Socialist Party paralyzed Hungary for weeks. Protesterslinked the country’s economic crisis to its rule by successors of theCommunist party. They denied the very legitimacy of the government,although it came to power through democratic elections. When thepolice went in to restore civil order, comparisons were drawn with theSoviet Army crushing the 1956 anti-Communist rebellion.</p>
<p>This new anti-Communist scare even goes after symbols. In June 2008,Lithuania passed a law prohibiting the public display of Communistimages like the hammer and sickle, as well as the playing of theSoviet anthem. In April 2009, the Polish government proposed expandinga ban on totalitarian propaganda to include Communist books, clothingand other items: one could even be arrested for wearing a Che GuevaraT-shirt.</p>
<p>No wonder that, in Slovenia, the main reproach of the populist rightto the left is that it is the “force of continuity” with the oldCommunist regime. In such a suffocating atmosphere, new problems andchallenges are reduced to the repetition of old struggles, up to theabsurd claim (which sometimes arises in Poland and in Slovenia) thatthe advocacy of gay rights and legal abortion is part of a darkCommunist plot to demoralize the nation.</p>
<p>Where does this resurrection of anti-Communism draw its strength from?Why were the old ghosts resuscitated in nations where many youngpeople don’t even remember the Communist times? The new anti-Communismprovides a simple answer to the question: “If capitalism is really somuch better than Socialism, why are our lives still miserable?”</p>
<p>It is because, many believe, we are not really in capitalism: we donot yet have true democracy but only its deceiving mask, the same darkforces still pull the threads of power, a narrow sect of formerCommunists disguised as new owners and managers — nothing’s reallychanged, so we need another purge, the revolution has to be repeated&#8230;</p>
<p>What these belated anti-Communists fail to realize is that the imagethey provide of their society comes uncannily close to the most abusedtraditional leftist image of capitalism: a society in which formaldemocracy merely conceals the reign of a wealthy minority. In otherwords, the newly born anti-Communists don’t get that what they aredenouncing as perverted pseudo-capitalism simply is capitalism.</p>
<p>One can also argue that, when the Communist regimes collapsed, thedisillusioned former Communists were effectively better suited to runthe new capitalist economy than the populist dissidents. While theheroes of the anti-Communist protests continued to dwell in theirdreams of a new society of justice, honesty and solidarity, the formerCommunists were able to ruthlessly accommodate themselves to the newcapitalist rules and the new cruel world of market efficiency,inclusive of all the new and old dirty tricks and corruption.</p>
<p>A further twist is added by those countries in which Communistsallowed the explosion of capitalism, while retaining political power:they seem to be more capitalist than the Western liberal capitaliststhemselves. In a crazy double reversal, capitalism won over Communism,but the price paid for this victory is that Communists are now beatingcapitalism in its own terrain.</p>
<p>This is why today’s China is so unsettling: capitalism has alwaysseemed inextricably linked to democracy, and faced with the explosionof capitalism in the People’s Republic, many analysts still assumethat political democracy will inevitably assert itself.</p>
<p>But what if this strain of authoritarian capitalism proves itself tobe more efficient, more profitable, than our liberal capitalism? Whatif democracy is no longer the necessary and natural accompaniment ofeconomic development, but its impediment?</p>
<p>If this is the case, then perhaps the disappointment at capitalism inthe post-Communist countries should not be dismissed as a simple signof the “immature” expectations of the people who didn’t possess arealistic image of capitalism.</p>
<p>When people protested Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the largemajority of them did not ask for capitalism. They wanted the freedomto live their lives outside state control, to come together and talkas they pleased; they wanted a life of simplicity and sincerity,liberated from the primitive ideological indoctrination and theprevailing cynical hypocrisy.</p>
<p>As many commentators observed, the ideals that led the protesters wereto a large extent taken from the ruling Socialist ideology itself —people aspired to something that can most appropriately be designatedas “Socialism with a human face.” Perhaps this attitude deserves asecond chance.</p>
<p>This brings to mind the life and death of Victor Kravchenko, theSoviet engineer who, in 1944, defected during a trade mission toWashington and then wrote a best-selling memoir, “I Chose Freedom.”His first-person report on the horrors of Stalinism included adetailed account of the mass hunger in early-1930s Ukraine, whereKravchenko — then still a true believer in the system — helped enforcecollectivization.</p>
<p>What most people know about Kravchenko ends in 1949. That year, hesued Les Lettres Françaises for libel after the French Communistweekly claimed that he was a drunk and a wife-beater and his memoirwas the propaganda work of American spies. In the Paris courtroom,Soviet generals and Russian peasants took the witness stand to debatethe truth of Kravchenko’s writings, and the trial grew from a personalsuit to a spectacular indictment of the whole Stalinist system.</p>
<p>But immediately after his victory in the case, when Kravchenko wasstill being hailed all around the world as a cold war hero, he had thecourage to speak out passionately against Joseph McCarthy’s witchhunts. “I believe profoundly,” he wrote, “that in the struggle againstCommunists and their organizations &#8230; we cannot and should not resortto the methods and forms employed by the Communists.” His warning toAmericans: to fight Stalinism in such a way was to court the danger ofstarting to resemble their opponent.</p>
<p>Kravchenko also became more and more obsessed with the inequalities ofthe Western world, and wrote a sequel to “I Chose Freedom” that wastitled, significantly, “I Chose Justice.” He devoted himself tofinding less exploitative forms of collectivization and wound up inBolivia, where he squandered all his money trying to organize poorfarmers. Crushed by this failure, he withdrew into private life andshot himself in 1966 at his home in New York.</p>
<p>How did we come to this? Deceived by 20th-century Communism anddisillusioned with 21st-century capitalism, we can only hope for newKravchenkos — and that they come to happier ends. On the search forjustice, they will have to start from scratch. They will have toinvent their own ideologies. They will be denounced as dangerousutopians, but they alone will have awakened from the utopian dreamthat holds the rest of us under its sway.</p>



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		<title>Slovenian Philosopher Slavoj Zizek on Capitalism, Healthcare, Latin American “Populism” and the “Farcical” Financial Crisis</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/27/slovenian-philosopher-sslavoj-zizek-on-capitalism-healthcare-latin-american-%e2%80%9cpopulism%e2%80%9d-and-the-%e2%80%9cfarcical%e2%80%9d-financial-crisis/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/27/slovenian-philosopher-sslavoj-zizek-on-capitalism-healthcare-latin-american-%e2%80%9cpopulism%e2%80%9d-and-the-%e2%80%9cfarcical%e2%80%9d-financial-crisis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 08:14:19 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[philosophy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political theory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Populism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[psychoanalysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Slavoj Žižek]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
Dubbed by the National Review as “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West” and the New York Times as “the Elvis of cultural theory,” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. In his latest book, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><script src="http://www.democracynow.org/embed_show_v1/300/2009/10/15/segment/2" type="text/javascript"></script></p>
<p>Dubbed by the <em>National Review</em> as “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West” and the <em>New York Times</em> as “the Elvis of cultural theory,” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. In his latest book, <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>, Žižek analyzes how the United States has moved from the tragedy of 9/11 to what he calls the farce of the financial meltdown. [includes rush transcript]</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>We continue on the subject of the financial crisis with a man the <em>National Review</em> calls “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West.” The <em>New York Times</em> calls him “the Elvis of cultural theory.” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. His latest, just out from Verso, is called <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>. It analyzes how the United States has moved from the tragedy of 9/11 to the farce of the financial meltdown.</p>
<p>Žižek’s latest offering, also excerpted in the October issue of <em>Harper’s Magazine</em>, opens with the words, quote, “The only truly surprising thing about the 2008 financial meltdown is how easily the idea was accepted that its happening was unpredictable.” He goes on to recall how the demonstrations against the IMF and the World Bank over the past decade all protested the ways in which banks were playing with money and warned of an impending crash. They were met with tear gas and mass arrests.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>The message, he writes, was, quote, “loud and clear, and the police were used to literally stifle the truth.”</p>
<p>Well, Slavoj Žižek addressed a full house at Cooper Union here in New York City on Wednesday night and joins us now in our firehouse studio.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian_philosopher_slavoj_zizek_on_the" target="_self">Welcome to <em>Democracy Now!</em></a><span id="more-332"></span></p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Thanks very much. It’s my pleasure.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>It’s good to have you with us. Relate the protest to the—</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>You are even better than Fox News, which I usually watch. More amusing.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Relate the protests to the meltdown and why—how it was predictable.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>No, what interests me is, for example, Paul—sorry, Paul Krugman said basically the same thing, which tells us a lot about how ideology works today. He said, what if we make a mental experiment, and all the leading bank people, managers and so on, were to know how it would end two years ago? He said, let’s not delude ourselves; there would have been no change. They would have acted in exactly the same way.</p>
<p>This brings me, as a psychoanalyst, into the play, because I think this makes us aware as to what extent our everyday dealing is controlled by what in psychoanalysis we call the mechanism of fetishist disavowal. “<em>Je sais bien, mais quand même…</em>” “I know very well, but…” You know, we can know very well the possible catastrophic consequences, but somehow you trust the market, you think things will somehow work out, and so on and so on. It’s absolutely crucial to analyze this, not only in economy, but generally. This is the focus of my work: how beliefs function today. What do we mean when we say that someone believes?</p>
<p>So that I don’t get lost, let me tell you a wonderful story, which is my favorite story. I quote it also in the book. You know Niels Bohr, Copenhagen, quantum physics guy. You know, once he was visited in his country house by a friend who saw above the entrance a horseshoe, you know, in Europe, the superstitious item allegedly preventing evil spirits to enter the house. And the friend, also a scientist, asked him, “But listen, do you really believe in this?” Niels Bohr said, “Of course not. I’m not an idiot. I’m a scientist.” Then the friend asked him, “But why do you have it there?” You know what Niels Borh answered? He said, “I don’t believe in it, but I have it there, horseshoe, because I was told that it works even if you don’t believe in it.”</p>
<p>That’s ideology today. We don’t believe in democracy—nobody. You make fun of it and so on, but somehow we act as if it works. It’s a very strange situation, because there are—some of us old enough still remember them, old days when the public face of power was dignity, belief. And privately you mocked it, you made fun, and so on, no? Now we are, I think, approaching a very strange state, where the public face of power is becoming more and more openly indecent, obscene. Look at Sarkozy in France. Look at Berlusconi in Italy, who is systematically undermining, for over five years now, the minimum of dignity of the state power. I mean, you are again and again surprised how is this possible. You know, after those sex scandals, two weeks ago, his lawyer, Berlusconi’s lawyer, made a public official statement, where he said that the claims that Berlusconi is impotent are lies and that Mr. Berlusconi is ready to prove this in court. Now, how? How—what did he mean? You know, there is a level of obscenity, but this shouldn’t deceive us. We really live in cynical times, not just in this cheap sense they don’t take themselves seriously, but in the sense that—how should I put it?—the ironic self-undermining, making fun of yourself, is in a strange way part of the game. It’s as if the system can function even if it makes fun of itself.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Well, I’d like to ask you, you say you are also critical of the progressive or the left response here. You say in your article in <em>Harper’s</em>, “There is a real possibility that the primary victim of the ongoing crisis will not be capitalism but the left itself, insofar as its inability to offer a viable global alternative was again made visible to everyone.” Could you elaborate?</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>I am a radical leftist. I like to call myself, in a very conditional way, a communist even. But I think one should, as a leftist, really concede the amount of the defeat of the left in the last twenty years. That’s the <em>sine qua non</em> condition of a possible review. So, yes, apart from very sympathetic things suggested by people like Stiglitz, Krugman, which are basically a return to Keynesian welfare state, and apart from some interesting—but I don’t think they are the solution—economic ideas, like the basic income or so-called <em>renta básica</em> in Brazil, basic rent, which is a utopia of its own, I think, I sometimes, apart from this, have a strange paranoiac idea that maybe this crisis was manufactured so that people will see that even if there is a crisis, the left really doesn’t have a global answer.</p>
<p>I see—what worries me is two things about the left. First, it’s more and more legalistic moralization. You know, it’s kind of a pure form of protest against injustice. Then the only thing you can do is legal forums and so on. In this sense, many of the ex-leftists are getting depoliticized. They no longer ask the truly basic questions. Like even now, all the outcry was, “Oh, those bank profiteers,” and so on. I totally agree with what we just heard. But don’t you think that the truth is a little bit more complex, in the sense of—you know much more about this than me, but the way I see it is that one of the roots of the present crisis is not just greed. It’s that after the digital bubble at the beginning of our millennium, the idea was how to keep prosperity, how to keep economy alive. And it was, as far as I remember, even a little bit of a really bipartisan decision: let’s make it easier in real estate, and so on, to keep it moving. So, you know, there is a structural problem beneath all this psychological topic of the greedy bankers, which is, that’s how capitalism works, my God, which is why even concerning our beloved model—Bernard Madoff, no?—I didn’t like it how they focused on him. Wait a minute. He was just the radical version of where the system is pushing you. Now, I’m not saying—I’m not crazy—“which is why we need to nationalize all banks and introduce immediately socialist dictatorship&#8221; or what. What I’m just saying is, let’s not get rid of the problem by too easily making it into a psychological problem. You know, you can be an evil guy, but there must be very precise institutional, economic, and so on, coordinates, background, which allows you to do what you do.</p>
<p>The second thing, I also didn’t like the cry shared by left and right-wing populists of “help the Main Street, not the Wall Street.” Well, sorry, but those bank managers who emphasized, in capitalism there is no Main Street without Wall Street. In today’s industry, because of the competition and immense investment into new inventions and so on, without large accessibility, availability of credits, there is no prosperous Main Street. So this is a false choice. So, again, with all respect for the left and so on, I think we should avoid quick moralization, if we mean it seriously.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>You write, “Is the bailout then really a ‘socialist’ measure? If it is, it takes a peculiar form: a ‘socialist’ measure whose primary aim is to help not the poor but the rich, not those who borrow but those who lend.”</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Yeah. I mean, this is my whole thesis, that capitalism always was socialism for those who are on the top. This is the basic paradox of it, no?</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>What about healthcare?</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Oh, now you touch my favorite topic. You know why? Because I think that here we see, when people—when I write on ideology, and people laugh at me—“Haha, didn’t you know this? We live in post-ideological era.” No, here you see ideology in its material force. We can—we should distinguish here two levels. On the one hand are those ridiculous right-wing paranoias, which, incidentally, I like to listen. They amuse me, you know, like that Sarah Palin idea of death panels. Some mysterious bureaucracy will decide, does your uncle live or not. That’s funny, I hope; at least for the time being, we can laugh at it. But then—</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Not in a big part of America, unfortunately.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Yeah, yeah, yeah. But then the real problem, where the Republican critique of healthcare plan really works is by appealing to this basic gut notion of freedom of choice. And I think this is a problem; we have to confront it. The first we should make it clear is that in order to exercise the freedom of choice—one has to repeat this again and again—an extremely—to really exercise this, an extremely complex network of social, legal regulations, even, I would say, ethical rules, which are somehow accepted, and so on, has to be—have to be here. In other words, often less choice, at least less public choice, at a certain level means more choice at a different level.</p>
<p>Let me return precisely to healthcare. My idea is that healthcare should be at a certain level, like water and electricity. You can also say that you usually don’t choose your water supplier, no? OK, now we can play the Republican game and say, “What a horrible terror! They are depriving us of the fundamental choice to choose the water supply.” But we somehow accept that there are some things where it is much more practical that you are able to count on them. Sorry, but I gladly refuse the big freedom to choose my water supplier, the same as for electricity, although there things can get more tricky. Why not add to this series health? Europe demonstrates it can be done effectively, not to diminish our freedom, but to leave you much more space of much more greater actual freedom, and so on.</p>
<p>So, you see, this is the danger of this ideology of choice, because, you know, this is, in one sense, a central category today. There is an old Marxist card, which is played again and again, of we are only offered false choices, not real choices, like Pepsi or Coke, whatever, instead of the real choices. OK, there is a truth in it. But there is also another problem of ideology of choice, that often we are bombarded by choices—you really are free to choose—without being given the proper background to make a reasonable choice. John Gray, the British cynical skeptic, whom I otherwise admire, wrote very nicely that we are today more and more forced to act as if we are free. And this causes a lot of anxiety and so on. You know, one should be very specific apropos of choices. I’m all for the freedom of choice. I would just like to see the small—those, you know, in the footnote, the small print, what are the precise conditions of choice, and so on and so on.</p>
<p>And so, again, although I have no illusions about what Obama can do and so on, I am still proud that already before elections I supported him, although this had no great impact here, of course. But in contrast to my very more radical leftist friends whose motto was “he’s just a nice human face on the same imperialism,” “he will even serve better the interest of capitalism,” or whatever, no, I think we see now, apropos the healthcare reform, that we are fighting the central battle here.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>I’d like to ask you, in terms of the somewhat pessimistic view you have of how the response to the crisis has been, there seems to be, continues to be, an entire continent that is heading in a somewhat different direction, South America and Latin America, in general.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Here comes my critical leftism.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Well, I’d love hear it, in terms—because there does seem to be in many of these areas, while the rest of the world is—the gap is increasing, at least there are governments throughout Latin America that are trying to decrease the gap and take a different role.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>They are trying. Are they really doing it? You know, I am—this is my skeptic. Some people already accuse me of being a covert neoconservative for what I will say now. Let’s not have any illusions. I claim that much of the attraction of the recent wave, Hugo Chavez and so on, of Latin American populism comes from this old desire of the left. Let’s be clear, many leftists today in the United States are relatively well-paid academics who fight all the dirty department career war, but they like to feel warm in their hearts. So it’s good to have as far away as possible another country where you can sympathize. “Oh, but things are really happening there.” You know, at some point in the ‘30s it was Soviet Union, Cuba, Chinese Cultural Revolution, Nicaragua. I’m afraid now that it is Venezuela a little bit. And I don’t buy the standard liberal critique, Chavez dictator and so on.</p>
<p>I just think Chavez started well. He did something of world historical importance. As far as I know, he was the first one of truly trying to mobilize people who were in favelas and so on, who were excluded from the public domain. He really tried to bring them into the political process. I claim if we don’t find a way to do this, we are slowly approaching a kind of a new apartheid society, where we will live in a kind of a permanent low-level civil war, where we will have some kind of irrational explosions like in France, the car burning in the Paris suburbs.</p>
<p>On the other hand, I’m a little bit more pessimistic as to what in the long term he will really achieve. I think he is now losing his way approaching this standard Latin American populism, where he, because of the oil wealth, is allowed to play the game of fiddle with oil, fiddle with money. I think, if you ask me, a much more interesting phenomenon is Bolivia. It’s much more authentic. They’re really being forced to invent something new. I always think that the genuinely utopian moments are not when you are doing OK and why not even better, are when you are in a deadlock. Then, in order even to survive normally, you are forced to invent something. But I thought you would say entire—so, no, I don’t see too much hope in Latin America.</p>
<p>But I see more hope at this moment with you in United States than with Europe. Europe is now, I think, in great decline. I had some hopes about Europe. Why? Because, to put it very simply, it still looks that we have two models now which are in competition, if I simplify the analysis very much: the Anglo-Saxon liberal market model and what we poetically call capitalism with Asian values, which means authoritarian capitalism. This is what every leftist, as I repeat it, should worry about, because let’s concede to the devil what belongs to the devil. Wasn’t it that, ’til recently—I’m sorry to tell you again, as a strange communist, you will say—there was one good argument for capitalism? After. It may have been that capitalism needed dictatorship for ten, twenty years—Chile, South Korea—but when things started to move, capitalism always engendered a push toward some kind of democracy. No longer. I claim that what is now emerging in the Far East started—it started in Singapore, this kind of so-called, again, authoritarian capitalism. I think something new is emerging: a capitalism even more dynamic—</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Ten seconds.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>—than our own, but which, even in long term, doesn’t need democracy.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian philosopher, psychoanalyst, cultural theorist. His latest book is <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>.</p>



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		<title>Elinor Ostrom became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in economics</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/13/elinor-ostrom-became-the-first-woman-to-win-the-nobel-prize-in-economics/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/13/elinor-ostrom-became-the-first-woman-to-win-the-nobel-prize-in-economics/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 09:53:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Commons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elinor Ostrom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=329</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dr. Elinor Ostrom became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in economics on October 12th, 2009, just four months after speaking at the Frankfurt School on the same topic in which she was awarded the prize.
Renowned political scientist, Dr. Elinor Ostrom, from Indiana University &#8211; Bloomington, gave a lecture on Friday June 19th, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/13/elinor-ostrom-became-the-first-woman-to-win-the-nobel-prize-in-economics/"><em>Click here to view the embedded video.</em></a></p>
<p><span>Dr. Elinor Ostrom became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in economics on October 12th, 2009, just four months after speaking at the Frankfurt School on the same topic in which she was awarded the prize.</p>
<p>Renowned political scientist, Dr. Elinor Ostrom, from Indiana University &#8211; Bloomington, gave a lecture on Friday June 19th, 2009, outlining her latest research and outcomes regarding the problem of &#8220;the commons.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the lab, she had simulated conflicts concerning the allocation of the commons and had derived a complex theoretical framework that exploits the various elements (e.g. leadership, trust and reciprocity) of this process.<span id="more-329"></span></p>
<p>Her framework had been applied in a number of field studies by Professor Ostrom and her team, among others in a study of three villages in the Gulf of California (Mexico), where people rely on fishing. She presented her study and outlined how different forms of managing and allocating the resource „fish lead to different levels of prosperity. Ultimately, the findings of the field study confirmed her framework.</span></p>



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		<title>Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/22/jacqueline-novogratz-on-patient-capitalism/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/22/jacqueline-novogratz-on-patient-capitalism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2009 06:55:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Economy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2007]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jacqueline Novogratz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patient capital]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[poor]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=323</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
Jacqueline Novogratz shares stories of how &#8220;patient capital&#8221; can bring sustainable jobs, goods, services &#8212; and dignity &#8212; to the world&#8217;s poorest. Filmed jun 2007. from TED.com
Transcript:

I really am honored to be here, and as Chris said, it&#8217;s been over 20 years since I started working in Africa. My first introduction was at the Abidjan [...]]]></description>
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<p>Jacqueline Novogratz shares stories of how &#8220;patient capital&#8221; can bring sustainable jobs, goods, services &#8212; and dignity &#8212; to the world&#8217;s poorest. Filmed jun 2007. <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/jacqueline_novogratz_on_patient_capitalism.html" target="_blank">from TED.com</a></p>
<p>Transcript:</p>
<p><span id="more-323"></span></p>
<p>I really am honored to be here, and as Chris said, it&#8217;s been over 20 years since I started working in Africa. My first introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweaty Ivory Coast morning. I had just left Wall Street, cut my hair to look like Margaret Mead, given away most everything that I owned, and arrived with all the essentials &#8212; some poetry, a few clothes, and, of course, a guitar &#8212; because I was going to save the world, and I thought I would just start with the African continent.</p>
<p>But literally within days of arriving I was told, in no uncertain terms, by a number of West African women, that Africans didn&#8217;t want saving, thank you very much, least of all not by me. I was too young, unmarried, I had no children, didn&#8217;t really know Africa and besides, my French was pitiful. And so, it was an incredibly painful time in my life, and yet it really started to give me the humility to start listening.</p>
<p>I think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force as well, so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda, and I met a group of Rwandan women, who asked me, in 1986, to move to Kigali to help them start the first microfinance institution there. And I did, and we ended up naming it Duterimbere, meaning &#8220;to go forward with enthusiasm.&#8221; And while we were doing it, I realized that there weren&#8217;t a lot of businesses that were viable and started by women, and so maybe I should try to run a business too. And so I started looking around, and I heard about a bakery that was run by 20 prostitutes. And, being a little intrigued, I went to go meet this group, and what I found was 20 unwed mothers who were trying to survive.</p>
<p>And it was really the beginning of my understanding the power of language, and how what we call people so often distances us from them, and makes them little. I also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business, that in fact, it was a classic charity run by a well-intentioned person who essentially spent 600 dollars a month to keep these 20 women busy making little crafts and baked goods, and living on 50 cents a day, still in poverty. So, I made a deal with the women. I said, &#8220;Look, we get rid of the charity side, and we run this as a business and I&#8217;ll help you.&#8221; They nervously agreed, I nervously started, and of course, things are always harder than you think they&#8217;re going to be.</p>
<p>First of all, I thought, well, we need a sales team, and we clearly aren&#8217;t the A-Team here, so let&#8217;s &#8212; I did all this training, and the epitome was when I literally marched into the streets of Nyamirambo, which is the popular quarter of Kigali, with a bucket, and I sold all these little doughnuts to people, and I came back, and I was like, &#8220;You see?&#8221; And the women said, &#8220;You know, Jacqueline, who in Nyamirambo is not going to buy doughnuts out of an orange bucket from a tall American woman?&#8221; And like &#8212; (Laughter) It&#8217;s a good point.</p>
<p>So then I went the whole American way, with competitions, team and individual. Completely failed, but over time the women learnt to sell on their own way. And they started listening to the marketplace, and they came back with ideas for cassava chips and banana chips and sorghum bread, and before you knew it, we had cornered the Kigali market, and the women were earning three to four times the national average. And with that confidence surge, I thought, well, It&#8217;s time to create a real bakery, so let&#8217;s paint it. And the women said, &#8220;That&#8217;s a really great idea.&#8221; And I said, &#8220;Well, what color do you want to paint it?&#8221; And they said, &#8220;Well, you choose.&#8221; And I said, &#8220;No, no, I&#8217;m learning to listen &#8212; you choose. It&#8217;s your bakery, your street, your country, not mine.&#8221; But they wouldn&#8217;t give me an answer. So one week, two weeks, three weeks went by, and finally I said, &#8220;Well, how about blue?&#8221; And they said, &#8220;Blue, blue, we love blue. Let&#8217;s do it blue.&#8221; So, I went to the store, I brought Gaudence, the recalcitrant one of all, and we brought all this paint and fabric to make curtains, and on painting day we all gathered in Nyamirambo, and the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim, like a little French bakery. But that was clearly not as satisfying as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky.</p>
<p>So, blue, blue, everything became blue; the walls were blue, the windows were blue, the sidewalk out front was painted blue. And Aretha Franklin was shouting &#8220;R.E.S.P.E.C.T.,&#8221; the women&#8217;s hips were swaying and little kids were trying to grab the paintbrushes, but it was their day. And at the end of it, we stood across the street and we looked at what we had done, and I said, &#8220;It is so beautiful,&#8221; and the women said, &#8220;It really is.&#8221; And I said, &#8220;And I think the color is perfect,&#8221; and they all nodded their head, except for Gaudence, and I said, &#8220;What?&#8221; And she said, &#8220;Nothing,&#8221; and I said, &#8220;What?&#8221; And she said, &#8220;Well, it is pretty, but you know our color, really, it is green.&#8221; And &#8212; (Laughter).</p>
<p>And I learned then that listening isn&#8217;t just about patience, but that when you&#8217;ve lived on charity and dependent your whole life long, it&#8217;s really hard to say what you mean. And, mostly because people never really ask you, and when they do, you don&#8217;t really think they want to know the truth. And so then I learned that listening is not only about waiting, but it&#8217;s also learning how better to ask questions.</p>
<p>And so, I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years, doing these two things, and it was an extraordinary time in my life. And it taught me three lessons that I think are so important for us today, and certainly in the work that I do. The first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth. As Eleni has said, when people gain income, they gain choice, and that is fundamental to dignity. But as human beings we also want to see each other, and we want to be heard by each other, and we should never forget that. The second is that traditional charity and aid are never going to solve the problems of poverty.</p>
<p>I think Andrew pretty well covered that, so I will move to the third point, which is that markets alone also are not going to solve the problems of poverty. Yes, we ran this as a business, but someone needed to pay the philanthropic support that came into the training and the management support, the strategic advice and maybe most important of all, the access to new contacts, networks and new markets. And so, on a micro level, there&#8217;s a real role for this combination of investment and philanthropy. And on a macro level, some of the speakers have inferred that even health should be privatized. But, having had a father with heart disease, and realizing that what our family could afford was not what he should have gotten, and having a good friend step in to help, I really believe that all people deserve access to health at prices they can afford. I think the market can help us figure that out, but there&#8217;s got to be a charitable component or I don&#8217;t think we&#8217;re going to create the kind of societies we want to live in.</p>
<p>And so, it was really those lessons that made me decide to build Acumen Fund about six years ago. It&#8217;s a nonprofit venture capital fund for the poor, a few oxymorons in one sentence. It essentially raises charitable funds from individuals, foundations and corporations, and then we turn around and we invest equity and loans in both for-profit and nonprofit entities that deliver affordable health, housing, energy, clean water, to low income people in South Asia and Africa, so that they can make their own choices. We&#8217;ve invested about 20 million dollars in 20 different enterprises, and have, in so doing, created nearly 20,000 jobs, and delivered tens of millions of services to people who otherwise would not be able to afford them.</p>
<p>I want to tell you two stories. Both of them are in Africa. Both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service, and who really know the markets. Both of them live at the confluence of public health and enterprise, and both of them, because they&#8217;re manufacturers, create jobs directly, and create incomes indirectly, because they&#8217;re in the malaria sector, and Africa loses about 13 billion dollars a year because of malaria. And so as people get healthier, they also get wealthier.</p>
<p>The first one is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited. It&#8217;s a company built in Kenya about seven years ago by an incredible entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and his three colleagues. These are old-hand farmers who&#8217;ve gone through all the agricultural ups and downs in Kenya over the last 30 years. Now, this plant is an Artemisia plant, it&#8217;s the basic component for artemisinin, which is the best-known treatment for malaria. It&#8217;s indigenous to China and the Far East, but given that the prevalence of malaria is here in Africa, Patrick and his colleagues said, &#8220;Let&#8217;s bring it here, because it&#8217;s a high value-add product.&#8221; The farmers get three to four times the yields that they would with maize.</p>
<p>And so, using patient capital, money that they could raise early on, that actually got below market returns, and was willing to go the long haul and be combined with management assistance, strategic assistance, they&#8217;ve now created a company where they purchase from 7,500 farmers. So that&#8217;s about 50,000 people affected. And I think some of you may have visited &#8212; these farmers are helped by KickStart and TechnoServe, who help them become more self-sufficient. They buy it, they dry it and they bring it to this factory which was purchased in part by, again, patient capital from Novartis, who has a real interest in getting the powder so that they can make Coartem. Acumen&#8217;s been working with ABE for the past year, year and a half, both on looking at a new business plan, and what does expansion look like, helping with management support and helping to do term sheets and raise capital. And I really understood what patient capital meant emotionally in the last month or so. Because the company was literally 10 days away from proving that the product they produced was at the world-quality level needed to make Coartem, when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history.</p>
<p>And we called all of the social investors we knew. Now, some of these same social investors are really interested in Africa and understand the importance of agriculture, and they even helped the farmers. And even when we explained that if ABE goes away, all those 7,500 jobs go away too, we sometimes have this bifurcation between business and the social. And it&#8217;s really time we start thinking more creatively about how they can be fused. So Acumen made not one, but two bridge loans, and the good news is they did indeed meet world-quality classification and are now in the final stages of closing a 20 million dollar round to move it to the next level, and I think that this will be one of the more important companies in East Africa.</p>
<p>This is Samuel. He&#8217;s a farmer. He was actually living in the Kibera slums when his father called him and told him about Artemisia and the value-add potential. So he moved back to the farm, and, long story short, they now have seven acres under cultivation. Samuel&#8217;s kids are in private school, and he&#8217;s starting to help other farmers in the area also go into Artemisia production &#8212; dignity being more important than wealth.</p>
<p>The next one, many of you know. I talked about it a little at Oxford two years ago, and some of you visited A to Z Manufacturing, which is one of the great real companies in East Africa. It&#8217;s another one that lives at the confluence of health and enterprise. And this is really a story about a public/private solution that has really worked. It started in Japan. Sumitomo had developed a technology essentially to impregnate a polyethylene-based fiber with organic insecticide, so you could create a bed net, a malaria bed net that would last five years and not need to be re-dipped.</p>
<p>It could alter the vector, but like Artemisia, it had been produced only in East Asia, and as part of its social responsibility Sumitomo said, &#8220;Why don&#8217;t we experiment with whether we can produce it in Africa, for Africans?&#8221; UNICEF came forward and said, &#8220;We&#8217;ll buy most of the nets and then we&#8217;ll give them away as part of the global fund&#8217;s and the UN&#8217;s commitment to pregnant women and children, for free.&#8221; Acumen came in with the patient capital, and we also helped to identify the entrepreneur that we would all partner with here in Africa, and Exxon provided the initial resin.</p>
<p>Well, in looking around for entrepreneurs, there was none better that we could find on Earth than Anuj Shah, in A to Z Manufacturing Company. It&#8217;s a 40-year-old company, it understands manufacturing. It&#8217;s gone from socialist Tanzania into capitalist Tanzania, and continued to flourish. It had about 1,000 employees when we first found it. And so, Anuj took the entrepreneurial risk here in Africa to produce a public good that was purchased by the aid establishment to work with malaria.</p>
<p>And, long story short again, they&#8217;ve been so successful. In our first year, the first net went off the line in October of 2003. We thought the hitting it out of the box number was 150,000 nets a year. This year they are now producing eight million nets a year, and they employ 5,000 people, 90 percent of whom are women, mostly unskilled. They&#8217;re in a joint venture with Sumitomo. And so, from an enterprise perspective for Africa, and from a public health perspective, these are real successes.</p>
<p>But it&#8217;s only half the story if we&#8217;re looking at solving problems of poverty, because it&#8217;s not long-term sustainable. It&#8217;s a company with one big customer. And if avian flu hits, or for any other reason the world decides that malaria is no longer as much of a priority, everybody loses. And so, Anuj and Acumen have been talking about testing the private sector, because the assumption that the aid establishment has made is that, look, in a country like Tanzania, 80 percent of the population makes less than two dollars a day. It costs at manufacturing point, six dollars to produce these, and it costs the establishment another six dollars to distribute it, so the market price in a free market would be about 12 dollars per net. Most people can&#8217;t afford that, so let&#8217;s give it away free. And we said, &#8220;Well, there&#8217;s another option. Let&#8217;s use the market as the best listening device we have, and understand at what price people would pay for this, so they get the dignity of choice. We can start building local distribution, and actually, it can cost the public sector much less.&#8221;</p>
<p>And so we came in with a second round of patient capital to A to Z, a loan as well as a grant, so that A to Z could play with pricing and listen to the marketplace, and found a number of things. One, that people will pay different prices, but the overwhelming number of people will come forth at one dollar per net and make a decision to buy it. And when you listen to them, they&#8217;ll also have a lot to say about what they like and what they don&#8217;t like, and that some of the channels we thought would work didn&#8217;t work. But because of this experimentation and iteration that was allowed because of the patient capital, we&#8217;ve now found that it costs about a dollar in the private sector to distribute, and a dollar to buy the net. So then, from a policy perspective, when you start with the market, we have a choice. We can continue going along at 12 dollars a net, and the customer pays zero, or we could at least experiment with some of it to charge one dollar a net, costing the public sector another six dollars a net, give the people the dignity of choice, and have a distribution system that might, over time, start sustaining itself.</p>
<p>We&#8217;ve got to start having conversations like this, and I don&#8217;t think there&#8217;s any better way to start than using the market, but also to bring other people to the table around it. Whenever I go to visit A to Z, I think of my grandmother, Stella. She was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines. She grew up on a farm in Austria, very poor, didn&#8217;t have very much education. She moved to the United States where she met my grandfather who was a cement hauler, and they had nine children. Three of them died as babies. My grandmother had tuberculosis, and she worked in a sewing machine shop making shirts for about 10 cents an hour. She, like so many of the women I see at A to Z, worked hard every day, understood what suffering was, had a deep faith in God, loved her children and would never have accepted a handout. But because she had the opportunity of the marketplace, and she lived in a society that provided the safety of having access to affordable health and education, her children and their children were able to live lives of real purpose and follow real dreams.</p>
<p>I look around at my siblings and my cousins &#8212; and as I said, there are a lot of us &#8212; and I see teachers and musicians, hedge fund managers, designers. One sister who makes other people&#8217;s wishes come true. And my wish, when I see those women, I meet those farmers, and I think about all the people across this continent who are working hard every day, is that they have that sense of opportunity and possibility, and that they also can believe and get access to services so that their children too can live those lives of great purpose. It shouldn&#8217;t be that difficult. But what it takes is a commitment from all of us to essentially refuse trite assumptions, get out of our ideological boxes. It takes investing in those entrepreneurs that are committed to service as well as to success. It takes opening your arms, both, wide, and expecting very little love in return, but demanding accountability, and bringing the accountability to the table as well. And most of all, most of all, it requires that all of us have the courage and the patience, whether we are rich or poor, African or non-African, local or diaspora, left or right, to really start listening to each other. Thank you. (Applause)</p>



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		<title>11-S</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/10/11-s/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/10/11-s/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 21:04:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[City]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1714]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barcelona]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[catalá]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[New York]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Postcapital]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[



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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-319" title="11_sep" src="http://www.postcapital.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/11_sep.jpg" alt="11_sep" width="484" height="324" /></p>



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		<title>1989</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/03/1989/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/03/1989/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 10:48:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1989]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=315</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Shōwa period ends with the death of Emperor Hirohito (aka Emperor Shōwa) after 62 years and 14 days of his reign in Japan. Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan, beginning the Heisei period the following day.George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the USA. Berners-Lee started at CERN, Geneva and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Shōwa period ends with the death of Emperor Hirohito (aka Emperor Shōwa) after 62 years and 14 days of his reign in Japan. Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan, beginning the Heisei period the following day.George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the USA. Berners-Lee started at CERN, Geneva and writes his &#8220;www proposal&#8221;. It should be the origin of the world wide web. In Alaska&#8217;s Prince William Sound the &#8220;Exxon Valdez&#8221; spills 240,000 barrels (11 million gallons) of oil after running aground. Slobodan Milo?evi? becomes president of Serbia. The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing. Solidarity&#8217;s victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989. Elections in the European Union. First entry of the German rightist extremist&#8217;s party &#8220;Die Republikaner&#8221; in the parliament. The Hungarian government opens the country&#8217;s western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic. The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Sz?rös (replacing the Hungarian People&#8217;s Republic). East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades. Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power. Chile holds its first free election in 16 years. Operation &#8220;Just Cause&#8221; is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceau?escu&#8217;s communist dictatorship. Constitutional amendment in Poland.Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran. France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution. Nintendo releases the GameBoy portable video game system. The South African general election, 1989 (the last under apartheid). Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.Velvet Revolution. Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.</p>



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