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	<title>Postcapital Archive &#187; General</title>
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		<title>9/11 tragedy pager intercepts.</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/25/911-tragedy-pager-intercepts/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/25/911-tragedy-pager-intercepts/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 10:47:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=348</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[http://911.wikileaks.org/ (thanks Tiziana Terranova) From 3AM on Wednesday November 25, 2009, until 3AM the following day (US east coast time), WikiLeaks is releasing over half a million US national text pager intercepts. The intercepts cover a 24 hour period surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington. The messages are being broadcast [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/" target="_blank">http://911.wikileaks.org/</a> (thanks Tiziana Terranova)</p>
<p>From 3AM on Wednesday November 25, 2009, until 3AM the following day (US east coast time), WikiLeaks is releasing over half a million US national text pager intercepts. The intercepts cover a 24 hour period surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and Washington.<br />
The messages are being broadcast to the global community &#8220;live&#8221;, sychronized to the time of day they were sent. The first message is from 3AM September 11, 2001, five hours before the first attack, and the last, 24 hours later.</p>
<p>Text pagers are usualy carried by persons operating in an official capacity. Messages in the archive range from Pentagon and New York Police Department exchanges, to computers reporting faults to their operators as the World Trade Center collapsed.</p>
<p>The archive is a completely objective record of the defining moment of our time. We hope that its revelation will lead to a more nuanced understanding of the event and its tragic consequences.<br />
An index of messages released so far is available <a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/index.html">here</a>.</p>
<p>Twitter users should refer to <em>#911txts</em>. We will give status updates at <a href="http://twitter.com/wikileaks">twitter.com/wikileaks</a>.</p>
<p>Observations should be <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/a7xpt/conspiracy_theories_commence_wikileaks_to_release/">posted here</a>.</p>
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<div style="padding-left: 10%;">
<p><strong>Last 12 intercept collections:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_35_2001_09_11-05_39.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_35 to 2001_09_11-05_39.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_30_2001_09_11-05_34.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_30 to 2001_09_11-05_34.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_25_2001_09_11-05_29.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_25 to 2001_09_11-05_29.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_20_2001_09_11-05_24.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_20 to 2001_09_11-05_24.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_15_2001_09_11-05_19.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_15 to 2001_09_11-05_19.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_10_2001_09_11-05_14.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_10 to 2001_09_11-05_14.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_05_2001_09_11-05_09.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_05 to 2001_09_11-05_09.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-05_00_2001_09_11-05_04.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-05_00 to 2001_09_11-05_04.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_55_2001_09_11-04_59.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_55 to 2001_09_11-04_59.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_50_2001_09_11-04_54.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_50 to 2001_09_11-04_54.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_45_2001_09_11-04_49.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_45 to 2001_09_11-04_49.</a><br />
<a href="http://911.wikileaks.org/files/messages_2001_09_11-04_40_2001_09_11-04_44.txt">Time index 2001_09_11-04_40 to 2001_09_11-04_44.</a></p>
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		<title>Agamben sur Tiqqun</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 08:33:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Editions La Fabrique]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Giorgio Agamben]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[www.contretemps.eu Le philosophe Giorgio Agamben présente Contributions à la guerre en cours de Tiqqun, aux Editions La Fabrique, un livre qui rassemble trois textes écrits il y a près de dix ans : &#8220;Introduction à la guerre civile&#8221;, &#8220;Une métaphysique critique pourraît naître comme science des dispositifs&#8221; et &#8220;Comment faire ?&#8221;. Share and Enjoy:]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.postcapital.org/2009/11/10/agamben-sur-tiqqun/"><em>Click here to view the embedded video.</em></a></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.contretemps.eu/">www.contretemps.eu</a><br />
Le philosophe Giorgio Agamben présente Contributions à la guerre en cours de Tiqqun, aux Editions La Fabrique, un livre qui rassemble trois textes écrits il y a près de dix ans : &#8220;Introduction à la guerre civile&#8221;, &#8220;Une métaphysique critique pourraît naître comme science des dispositifs&#8221; et &#8220;Comment faire ?&#8221;.</p>



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		<title>Slovenian Philosopher Slavoj Zizek on Capitalism, Healthcare, Latin American “Populism” and the “Farcical” Financial Crisis</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/27/slovenian-philosopher-sslavoj-zizek-on-capitalism-healthcare-latin-american-%e2%80%9cpopulism%e2%80%9d-and-the-%e2%80%9cfarcical%e2%80%9d-financial-crisis/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/10/27/slovenian-philosopher-sslavoj-zizek-on-capitalism-healthcare-latin-american-%e2%80%9cpopulism%e2%80%9d-and-the-%e2%80%9cfarcical%e2%80%9d-financial-crisis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Oct 2009 08:14:19 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[9/11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[history]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[philosophy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political theory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Populism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[psychoanalysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Slavoj Žižek]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[United States]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Dubbed by the National Review as “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West” and the New York Times as “the Elvis of cultural theory,” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. In his latest book, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><script src="http://www.democracynow.org/embed_show_v1/300/2009/10/15/segment/2" type="text/javascript"></script></p>
<p>Dubbed by the <em>National Review</em> as “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West” and the <em>New York Times</em> as “the Elvis of cultural theory,” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. In his latest book, <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>, Žižek analyzes how the United States has moved from the tragedy of 9/11 to what he calls the farce of the financial meltdown. [includes rush transcript]</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>We continue on the subject of the financial crisis with a man the <em>National Review</em> calls “the most dangerous political philosopher in the West.” The <em>New York Times</em> calls him “the Elvis of cultural theory.” Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual Slavoj Žižek has written over fifty books on philosophy, psychoanalysis, theology, history and political theory. His latest, just out from Verso, is called <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>. It analyzes how the United States has moved from the tragedy of 9/11 to the farce of the financial meltdown.</p>
<p>Žižek’s latest offering, also excerpted in the October issue of <em>Harper’s Magazine</em>, opens with the words, quote, “The only truly surprising thing about the 2008 financial meltdown is how easily the idea was accepted that its happening was unpredictable.” He goes on to recall how the demonstrations against the IMF and the World Bank over the past decade all protested the ways in which banks were playing with money and warned of an impending crash. They were met with tear gas and mass arrests.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>The message, he writes, was, quote, “loud and clear, and the police were used to literally stifle the truth.”</p>
<p>Well, Slavoj Žižek addressed a full house at Cooper Union here in New York City on Wednesday night and joins us now in our firehouse studio.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/15/slovenian_philosopher_slavoj_zizek_on_the" target="_self">Welcome to <em>Democracy Now!</em></a><span id="more-332"></span></p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Thanks very much. It’s my pleasure.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>It’s good to have you with us. Relate the protest to the—</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>You are even better than Fox News, which I usually watch. More amusing.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Relate the protests to the meltdown and why—how it was predictable.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>No, what interests me is, for example, Paul—sorry, Paul Krugman said basically the same thing, which tells us a lot about how ideology works today. He said, what if we make a mental experiment, and all the leading bank people, managers and so on, were to know how it would end two years ago? He said, let’s not delude ourselves; there would have been no change. They would have acted in exactly the same way.</p>
<p>This brings me, as a psychoanalyst, into the play, because I think this makes us aware as to what extent our everyday dealing is controlled by what in psychoanalysis we call the mechanism of fetishist disavowal. “<em>Je sais bien, mais quand même…</em>” “I know very well, but…” You know, we can know very well the possible catastrophic consequences, but somehow you trust the market, you think things will somehow work out, and so on and so on. It’s absolutely crucial to analyze this, not only in economy, but generally. This is the focus of my work: how beliefs function today. What do we mean when we say that someone believes?</p>
<p>So that I don’t get lost, let me tell you a wonderful story, which is my favorite story. I quote it also in the book. You know Niels Bohr, Copenhagen, quantum physics guy. You know, once he was visited in his country house by a friend who saw above the entrance a horseshoe, you know, in Europe, the superstitious item allegedly preventing evil spirits to enter the house. And the friend, also a scientist, asked him, “But listen, do you really believe in this?” Niels Bohr said, “Of course not. I’m not an idiot. I’m a scientist.” Then the friend asked him, “But why do you have it there?” You know what Niels Borh answered? He said, “I don’t believe in it, but I have it there, horseshoe, because I was told that it works even if you don’t believe in it.”</p>
<p>That’s ideology today. We don’t believe in democracy—nobody. You make fun of it and so on, but somehow we act as if it works. It’s a very strange situation, because there are—some of us old enough still remember them, old days when the public face of power was dignity, belief. And privately you mocked it, you made fun, and so on, no? Now we are, I think, approaching a very strange state, where the public face of power is becoming more and more openly indecent, obscene. Look at Sarkozy in France. Look at Berlusconi in Italy, who is systematically undermining, for over five years now, the minimum of dignity of the state power. I mean, you are again and again surprised how is this possible. You know, after those sex scandals, two weeks ago, his lawyer, Berlusconi’s lawyer, made a public official statement, where he said that the claims that Berlusconi is impotent are lies and that Mr. Berlusconi is ready to prove this in court. Now, how? How—what did he mean? You know, there is a level of obscenity, but this shouldn’t deceive us. We really live in cynical times, not just in this cheap sense they don’t take themselves seriously, but in the sense that—how should I put it?—the ironic self-undermining, making fun of yourself, is in a strange way part of the game. It’s as if the system can function even if it makes fun of itself.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Well, I’d like to ask you, you say you are also critical of the progressive or the left response here. You say in your article in <em>Harper’s</em>, “There is a real possibility that the primary victim of the ongoing crisis will not be capitalism but the left itself, insofar as its inability to offer a viable global alternative was again made visible to everyone.” Could you elaborate?</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>I am a radical leftist. I like to call myself, in a very conditional way, a communist even. But I think one should, as a leftist, really concede the amount of the defeat of the left in the last twenty years. That’s the <em>sine qua non</em> condition of a possible review. So, yes, apart from very sympathetic things suggested by people like Stiglitz, Krugman, which are basically a return to Keynesian welfare state, and apart from some interesting—but I don’t think they are the solution—economic ideas, like the basic income or so-called <em>renta básica</em> in Brazil, basic rent, which is a utopia of its own, I think, I sometimes, apart from this, have a strange paranoiac idea that maybe this crisis was manufactured so that people will see that even if there is a crisis, the left really doesn’t have a global answer.</p>
<p>I see—what worries me is two things about the left. First, it’s more and more legalistic moralization. You know, it’s kind of a pure form of protest against injustice. Then the only thing you can do is legal forums and so on. In this sense, many of the ex-leftists are getting depoliticized. They no longer ask the truly basic questions. Like even now, all the outcry was, “Oh, those bank profiteers,” and so on. I totally agree with what we just heard. But don’t you think that the truth is a little bit more complex, in the sense of—you know much more about this than me, but the way I see it is that one of the roots of the present crisis is not just greed. It’s that after the digital bubble at the beginning of our millennium, the idea was how to keep prosperity, how to keep economy alive. And it was, as far as I remember, even a little bit of a really bipartisan decision: let’s make it easier in real estate, and so on, to keep it moving. So, you know, there is a structural problem beneath all this psychological topic of the greedy bankers, which is, that’s how capitalism works, my God, which is why even concerning our beloved model—Bernard Madoff, no?—I didn’t like it how they focused on him. Wait a minute. He was just the radical version of where the system is pushing you. Now, I’m not saying—I’m not crazy—“which is why we need to nationalize all banks and introduce immediately socialist dictatorship&#8221; or what. What I’m just saying is, let’s not get rid of the problem by too easily making it into a psychological problem. You know, you can be an evil guy, but there must be very precise institutional, economic, and so on, coordinates, background, which allows you to do what you do.</p>
<p>The second thing, I also didn’t like the cry shared by left and right-wing populists of “help the Main Street, not the Wall Street.” Well, sorry, but those bank managers who emphasized, in capitalism there is no Main Street without Wall Street. In today’s industry, because of the competition and immense investment into new inventions and so on, without large accessibility, availability of credits, there is no prosperous Main Street. So this is a false choice. So, again, with all respect for the left and so on, I think we should avoid quick moralization, if we mean it seriously.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>You write, “Is the bailout then really a ‘socialist’ measure? If it is, it takes a peculiar form: a ‘socialist’ measure whose primary aim is to help not the poor but the rich, not those who borrow but those who lend.”</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Yeah. I mean, this is my whole thesis, that capitalism always was socialism for those who are on the top. This is the basic paradox of it, no?</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>What about healthcare?</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Oh, now you touch my favorite topic. You know why? Because I think that here we see, when people—when I write on ideology, and people laugh at me—“Haha, didn’t you know this? We live in post-ideological era.” No, here you see ideology in its material force. We can—we should distinguish here two levels. On the one hand are those ridiculous right-wing paranoias, which, incidentally, I like to listen. They amuse me, you know, like that Sarah Palin idea of death panels. Some mysterious bureaucracy will decide, does your uncle live or not. That’s funny, I hope; at least for the time being, we can laugh at it. But then—</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Not in a big part of America, unfortunately.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Yeah, yeah, yeah. But then the real problem, where the Republican critique of healthcare plan really works is by appealing to this basic gut notion of freedom of choice. And I think this is a problem; we have to confront it. The first we should make it clear is that in order to exercise the freedom of choice—one has to repeat this again and again—an extremely—to really exercise this, an extremely complex network of social, legal regulations, even, I would say, ethical rules, which are somehow accepted, and so on, has to be—have to be here. In other words, often less choice, at least less public choice, at a certain level means more choice at a different level.</p>
<p>Let me return precisely to healthcare. My idea is that healthcare should be at a certain level, like water and electricity. You can also say that you usually don’t choose your water supplier, no? OK, now we can play the Republican game and say, “What a horrible terror! They are depriving us of the fundamental choice to choose the water supply.” But we somehow accept that there are some things where it is much more practical that you are able to count on them. Sorry, but I gladly refuse the big freedom to choose my water supplier, the same as for electricity, although there things can get more tricky. Why not add to this series health? Europe demonstrates it can be done effectively, not to diminish our freedom, but to leave you much more space of much more greater actual freedom, and so on.</p>
<p>So, you see, this is the danger of this ideology of choice, because, you know, this is, in one sense, a central category today. There is an old Marxist card, which is played again and again, of we are only offered false choices, not real choices, like Pepsi or Coke, whatever, instead of the real choices. OK, there is a truth in it. But there is also another problem of ideology of choice, that often we are bombarded by choices—you really are free to choose—without being given the proper background to make a reasonable choice. John Gray, the British cynical skeptic, whom I otherwise admire, wrote very nicely that we are today more and more forced to act as if we are free. And this causes a lot of anxiety and so on. You know, one should be very specific apropos of choices. I’m all for the freedom of choice. I would just like to see the small—those, you know, in the footnote, the small print, what are the precise conditions of choice, and so on and so on.</p>
<p>And so, again, although I have no illusions about what Obama can do and so on, I am still proud that already before elections I supported him, although this had no great impact here, of course. But in contrast to my very more radical leftist friends whose motto was “he’s just a nice human face on the same imperialism,” “he will even serve better the interest of capitalism,” or whatever, no, I think we see now, apropos the healthcare reform, that we are fighting the central battle here.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>I’d like to ask you, in terms of the somewhat pessimistic view you have of how the response to the crisis has been, there seems to be, continues to be, an entire continent that is heading in a somewhat different direction, South America and Latin America, in general.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>Here comes my critical leftism.</p>
<p><strong>JUAN GONZALEZ </strong>Well, I’d love hear it, in terms—because there does seem to be in many of these areas, while the rest of the world is—the gap is increasing, at least there are governments throughout Latin America that are trying to decrease the gap and take a different role.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>They are trying. Are they really doing it? You know, I am—this is my skeptic. Some people already accuse me of being a covert neoconservative for what I will say now. Let’s not have any illusions. I claim that much of the attraction of the recent wave, Hugo Chavez and so on, of Latin American populism comes from this old desire of the left. Let’s be clear, many leftists today in the United States are relatively well-paid academics who fight all the dirty department career war, but they like to feel warm in their hearts. So it’s good to have as far away as possible another country where you can sympathize. “Oh, but things are really happening there.” You know, at some point in the ‘30s it was Soviet Union, Cuba, Chinese Cultural Revolution, Nicaragua. I’m afraid now that it is Venezuela a little bit. And I don’t buy the standard liberal critique, Chavez dictator and so on.</p>
<p>I just think Chavez started well. He did something of world historical importance. As far as I know, he was the first one of truly trying to mobilize people who were in favelas and so on, who were excluded from the public domain. He really tried to bring them into the political process. I claim if we don’t find a way to do this, we are slowly approaching a kind of a new apartheid society, where we will live in a kind of a permanent low-level civil war, where we will have some kind of irrational explosions like in France, the car burning in the Paris suburbs.</p>
<p>On the other hand, I’m a little bit more pessimistic as to what in the long term he will really achieve. I think he is now losing his way approaching this standard Latin American populism, where he, because of the oil wealth, is allowed to play the game of fiddle with oil, fiddle with money. I think, if you ask me, a much more interesting phenomenon is Bolivia. It’s much more authentic. They’re really being forced to invent something new. I always think that the genuinely utopian moments are not when you are doing OK and why not even better, are when you are in a deadlock. Then, in order even to survive normally, you are forced to invent something. But I thought you would say entire—so, no, I don’t see too much hope in Latin America.</p>
<p>But I see more hope at this moment with you in United States than with Europe. Europe is now, I think, in great decline. I had some hopes about Europe. Why? Because, to put it very simply, it still looks that we have two models now which are in competition, if I simplify the analysis very much: the Anglo-Saxon liberal market model and what we poetically call capitalism with Asian values, which means authoritarian capitalism. This is what every leftist, as I repeat it, should worry about, because let’s concede to the devil what belongs to the devil. Wasn’t it that, ’til recently—I’m sorry to tell you again, as a strange communist, you will say—there was one good argument for capitalism? After. It may have been that capitalism needed dictatorship for ten, twenty years—Chile, South Korea—but when things started to move, capitalism always engendered a push toward some kind of democracy. No longer. I claim that what is now emerging in the Far East started—it started in Singapore, this kind of so-called, again, authoritarian capitalism. I think something new is emerging: a capitalism even more dynamic—</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Ten seconds.</p>
<p><strong>SLAVOJ ŽIŽEK: </strong>—than our own, but which, even in long term, doesn’t need democracy.</p>
<p><strong>AMY GOODMAN: </strong>Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian philosopher, psychoanalyst, cultural theorist. His latest book is <em>First as Tragedy, Then as Farce</em>.</p>



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		<title>1989</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/03/1989/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/09/03/1989/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 10:48:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1989]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=315</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Shōwa period ends with the death of Emperor Hirohito (aka Emperor Shōwa) after 62 years and 14 days of his reign in Japan. Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan, beginning the Heisei period the following day.George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the USA. Berners-Lee started at CERN, Geneva and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Shōwa period ends with the death of Emperor Hirohito (aka Emperor Shōwa) after 62 years and 14 days of his reign in Japan. Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan, beginning the Heisei period the following day.George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the USA. Berners-Lee started at CERN, Geneva and writes his &#8220;www proposal&#8221;. It should be the origin of the world wide web. In Alaska&#8217;s Prince William Sound the &#8220;Exxon Valdez&#8221; spills 240,000 barrels (11 million gallons) of oil after running aground. Slobodan Milo?evi? becomes president of Serbia. The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing. Solidarity&#8217;s victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989. Elections in the European Union. First entry of the German rightist extremist&#8217;s party &#8220;Die Republikaner&#8221; in the parliament. The Hungarian government opens the country&#8217;s western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic. The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Sz?rös (replacing the Hungarian People&#8217;s Republic). East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades. Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power. Chile holds its first free election in 16 years. Operation &#8220;Just Cause&#8221; is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceau?escu&#8217;s communist dictatorship. Constitutional amendment in Poland.Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran. France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution. Nintendo releases the GameBoy portable video game system. The South African general election, 1989 (the last under apartheid). Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.Velvet Revolution. Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.</p>



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		<title>E&#8217; morto Franco Volpi</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/04/15/e-morto-franco-volpi/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/04/15/e-morto-franco-volpi/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2009 18:14:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Franco Volpi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[italiano]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mar­tin Heidegger]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=221</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Franco Volpi, una vita per la filosofia Addio al grande interprete di Heidegger Franco Volpi, 57 anni, ordinario di Storia della filosofia a Padova, è morto ieri all’ospedale San Bortolo di Vicenza, dove era ricoverato da lunedì pomeriggio in seguito a un incidente stradale. Era stato travolto da un’auto a San Germano dei Berici, mentre [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Franco Volpi, una vita per la filosofia<br />
Addio al grande interprete di Heidegger</p>
<p>Franco Volpi, 57 anni, ordinario di Storia della filosofia a Padova, è morto ieri all’ospedale San Bortolo di Vicenza, dove era ricoverato da lunedì pomeriggio in seguito a un incidente stradale. Era stato travolto da un’auto a San Germano dei Berici, mentre si trovava in sella alla sua bici. La conferma del decesso è giunta in tarda serata dal nosocomio vicentino, che dalle 15 aveva fatto partire le sei ore di osservazione per la dichiarazione di morte cerebrale.<br />
<span id="more-221"></span><br />
Lungo i dolci pendii di San Germano dei Berici, il professor Franco Volpi amava scendere in sella alla sua bicicletta. Di solito non portava con sé i documenti: corre­va libero, solo. E un po’ era così nella vita. Perché lui, che nel 1972, appena ventenne, aveva av­vicinato il maestro Enrico Berti, per chiedere la tesi — che diede vita, per altro, alla sua prima pub­blicazione: Heidegger e Brentano: l’aristotelismo e il problema del­l’univocità dell’essere nella forma­zione filosofica del giovane Mar­tin Heidegger —-, ormai cammi­nava davanti a tutti: Volpi aveva tradotto e curato le opere di Gada­mer, Schopenauer, Carl Schmitt, Rosa Luxemburg e Heidegger, di cui è stato, probabilmente, il mas­simo interprete italiano. «La no­stra Università perde uno dei suoi pezzi migliori, siamo tutti co­sternati », ha dichiarato il rettore del Bo Vincenzo Milanesi.</p>
<p>Leggendo un libro: il modus vivendi di Franco Volpi<br />
E nemmeno lunedì, quando po­co dopo l’ora di pranzo un’auto ha travolto la sua bicicletta, il pro­fessore aveva in tasca la carta d’identità: un elemento che nelle prime ore ha reso difficile il rico­noscimento. Una telefonata ha poi avvertito in Germania la mo­glie Otte Ruth, conosciuta a Wurz­burg, e la figlia Laura, 22 anni, lau­reatasi a Ca’ Foscari e ora in Sco­zia. «Era impossibile collocare Volpi all’interno di uno dei due approcci teoretici che ormai han­no fossilizzato la storiografia filo­sofica contemporanea — ha spie­gato commosso il collega e amico Umberto Curi, ordinario di Storia della filosofia moderna —. Volpi si era allontanato dalla sterile con­trapposizione storiografica e si era contraddistinto per la vivaci­tà del suo pensiero. Aveva saputo incidere in modo decisivo sullo sviluppo della filosofia italiana degli ultimi decenni. La perdita di Volpi è davvero irreparabile».</p>
<p>Professore di Storia della Filo­sofia a Padova, visiting professor a Laval in Québec (1989), a Poi­tiers (1990) e a Nizza (1993), Fran­co Volpi aveva tenuto conferenze e seminari in tutto il mondo. Con la camicia arrotolata sulle mani­che e lo sguardo buono e pungen­te, difeso dagli occhiali tondi, Vol­pi aveva saputo imporsi infatti a livello internazionale. Parlava per­fettamente cinque lingue e aveva tradotto dal tedesco l’opera di Heidegger su Nietzsche, in spa­gnolo aveva pubblicato la masto­dontica Enciclopedia delle opere filosofiche. In italiano aveva fir­mato centinaia di articoli, libri, saggi &#8211; dal Dizionario delle opere filosofiche di Mondadori, fino al­le ultime opere, come il Manuale di Storia della Filosofia (Laterza) per i licei, scritto assieme al suo maestro, Enrico Berti. Che ieri aveva un filo di voce. «Datemi sue notizie — ha ripetuto incredu­lo il Decano del Bo per tutto il po­meriggio —: Franco era il mio mi­gliore allievo, il migliore. E la sua morte è qualcosa di sconvolgen­te: come quella di un figlio per il padre».</p>
<p>Puntuale e generoso, Volpi ave­va dedicato quest’anno il corso istituzionale a Nietzsche anziché ad Heidegger. «Aveva una cultura e una conoscenza sterminate — ha raccontato sottovoce Pietro Gori, trentaduenne assegnista a Filosofia, uno degli ultimi laurea­ti con Volpi —. E non era un baro­ne: nonostante la sua carriera non era riuscito ad avere nemme­no un ricercatore». Ma lui era co­sì. Venerdì su La Repubblica, quo­tidiano per cui collaborava, è ap­parso il suo ultimo pezzo: un com­mento alle dichiarazioni del Papa su Nietzsche, che ora assume un significato diverso. «Anche se la vita non è bella, sta a noi cercare di renderla tale — scriveva il pro­fessore —. Uno dei problemi del­la Chiesa attuale è che la produ­zione della felicità le è sfuggita di mano. Ma non è colpa di Nietz­sche se la forza dei Vangeli svani­sce e la condizione dell’uomo oc­cidentale è sempre più paganizza­ta».</p>
<p>Giovanni Viafora<br />
15 aprile 2009</p>



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		<title>Virtual Entity</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/04/03/virtual-entity/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/04/03/virtual-entity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2009 14:50:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Authenticity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ownership]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Seriality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uniqueness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Virtual Entity]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=203</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Virtual Entity is a philosophical research starting from the assumption that the concepts of authenticity, ownership, uniqueness and seriality are, within the digital domain, no longer valid whereas they are not redefined. The practical aspect of this research is a new software being specifically developed to release, license, and catalogue digital files. This system, transforming [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://virtualentity.org/" target="_blank">Virtual Entity </a>is a philosophical research starting from the assumption that the concepts of authenticity, ownership, uniqueness and seriality are, within the digital domain, no longer valid whereas they are not redefined.</p>
<p>The practical aspect of this research is a new software being specifically developed to release, license, and catalogue digital files. This system, transforming the traditional approach towards metadata, is based on the idea that any file is an independent creation living its own life and experiencing various levels of transformation and progressive generation (of meaning, shape, and entities) in the course of its virtual existence. This way digital resources, interpreted as cultural units, are considered the main actors of the web.<span id="more-203"></span></p>
<p>Virtual Entity constructs in parallel a theoretical mythical world and its functional technical counterpart; it is, in this sense, a physical and metaphysical metadata. Its (viral) diffusion may generate a decentralized archive characterized by spontaneous and uncontrollable growth. Read about <strong><a class="url http outside" href="http://virtualentity.org/why">concept</a></strong> and <strong><a class="url http outside" href="http://virtualentity.org/dev">development</a></strong>, and see the project <strong><a class="url http outside" href="http://virtualentity.org/docu">documentation</a></strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Digital entities are like nature</strong>, they do not belong to anyone. The net is a morphing distributed body mirroring current human culture. Any <strong>digital immaterial creation</strong> can be instantiated in infinite number of <strong>copies identical</strong> to the <strong>original</strong> native file. <strong>Culture does not have owners</strong>.</p>
<p>Ongoing questions:</p>
<ul>
<li>what is a digital entity?</li>
<li>what are the characteristics of a minimal unit to be considered a digital resource?</li>
<li>can the concept of ‘non-property’ be a positive alternative to the stigmatized idea of ‘Piracy’?</li>
<li>meta-data: what words are really descriptive?</li>
<li>what is the best balance in a language that is machine and human understandable?</li>
<li>tagging vs metadata: what system can give the most interesting results?</li>
<li>singularity and doubt: what is virtual?</li>
<li>can we start doubting of the very chair we are sitting on?</li>
</ul>



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		<title>Artwork or not work? &#8211; Why art is sacred and the key to sociability</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/26/artwork-or-not-work-why-art-is-sacred-and-the-key-to-sociability/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/26/artwork-or-not-work-why-art-is-sacred-and-the-key-to-sociability/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2009 09:29:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2008]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[english]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erik Empson]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=192</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Erik Empson Egon Schiele: &#8220;The work of art is sacred, too.&#8221; E.F Schumacher: &#8220;…there can be nothing sacred in something that has a price.&#8221; The awe which may have once greeted any one excellent work of art, is today more likely to be generated by the price it fetched when sold than anything to do [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Erik Empson<br />
Egon Schiele: &#8220;The work of art is sacred, too.&#8221;</p>
<p>E.F Schumacher: &#8220;…there can be nothing sacred in something that has a price.&#8221;</p>
<p>The awe which may have once greeted any one excellent work of art, is today more likely to be generated by the price it fetched when sold than anything to do with the work&#8217;s visual affect. How do we account for this apparent reversal?</p>
<p>Art, because of its uniqueness, and because it is the result of irreducible, complex human labour, never fitted into the Marxian conception of value and work &#8211; based as it was on factory production and its particular type of discipline. But in escaping that dreary paradigm, artists themselves have long struggled over the problem of authenticity and the commodity form and in so doing sought to challenge the separation between art and life.<span id="more-192"></span></p>
<p>Western capitalist societies have gradually overcome the division between mental and manual labour, the time of productive work has been extended beyond the workplace; the production of commodities no longer involves the reduction of the worker to part of the machine, but mobilises their total creative abilities as a social human being. Whether employed or not, whether successful or not, all members of society create and transmit value.</p>
<p>At the same time much of the precariousness, irregularity, flexibility and types of free labour that previously characterised artistic practice has been generalised to all working lives; to make a living today means to mould and shape personhood in a perverse play of changing identities. Conversely, artists&#8217; practice has come to involve more and more profane and mundane elements that belong to the business world and have very little to do with art.</p>
<p>All social activity is now imbued with immaterial and affective elements and it is impossible to think of aesthetic communication as an extra-economic category. The nature of capital has changed; originally mere alienated human labour in quantity, its forms of being have qualitatively proliferated. Finance capital, social capital, creative capital, cultural capital all exercise discrete dispositifs of control over the whole gamut of human social activity even though they are all still the result of the estrangement of human energies into private hands. Thus, whether private or public, work in general is increasing returning to its organic unity with life. Unfortunately this life continues to be, for the most part, unpleasant.</p>
<p>The reason we find the costs of certain works of art so incredulous is because art, like no other ‘commodity&#8217;, increases its value by being consumed. This has always been true of it no matter the economic system. But today because the consumption is driven by soulless banknotes, aesthetic value and economic value collide into a troubled unity. So long as this approbation is dictated by who has more capital (financial, cultural or otherwise) rather than by the whole society of producers whose energies and activities, sensibilities and inclinations make meaningful art possible, this collision of values cannot be resolved.</p>
<p>One of the current effects of this is the creation of a spectacular gulf between haves and have-nots within the art world, reproducing (albeit seemingly arbitrarily) the wider inequality in society at large. Golden geese artists are a conduit for the primitive accumulation and valorisation of the total aesthetic energies of mankind. And there is no better figure for this expropriation than that obscenity of a diamond encrusted skull. The success of one equals the dispossession of thousands; and seeing no alternative the craven pander to this elitism.</p>
<p>But even in its distorted, profane capitalist integument, the question of what it means to own a piece of art (how the consumption of another&#8217;s labour augments value), allows us an insight into the immutable and universal nature of what art is.</p>
<p>Art is the self-valorisation of society, and a key to the nature of sociability itself. That concatenation produces more value rather than less, is itself the very possibility of society.</p>
<p>Ultimately, economic systems are successful only because of the energies that are invested in them. Capital is not dynamic, people are, and art is the key to the perpetual motion of society. This is why it is sacred. The excess intrinsic to the value of art yet so debased by the art market can be recovered. And that would mean that to enjoy art would also be to profit from it; having pleasure not squandering but augmenting the wealth of social experience. The difficulty is new, but the solution an old one. Society&#8217;s problem is not that it produces a surplus but what it does with it.</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS; color: #333333; font-size: x-small;"><strong>Text written for The Free Art Fair, London, October 2008 &#8211; see the whole catalogue <a href="http://freeartfair.com/download/faf_catalogue_08.pdf">here</a> </strong></span></p>



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		<title>Trapped in Amber: Angst for a Reenacted Decade</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/16/trapped-in-amber-angst-for-a-reenacted-decade/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/16/trapped-in-amber-angst-for-a-reenacted-decade/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2009 10:11:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Africa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oslo]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=168</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[21 February – 22 March 2009 Opening reception and catalogue launch: Friday 20 February 2009, 7 p.m. Special performance by Magnus Monfeldt: Friday 20 February 2009, 8 p.m. Trapped in Amber curators in conversation with the artists: Sunday 21 February 2009, 3 p.m. Artists: Daniel Garcia Andujar (ESP), Hamdi Attia (EGY/USA), Bodil Furu (NO), Assefa [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>21 February – 22 March 2009<br />
Opening reception and catalogue launch: Friday 20 February 2009, 7 p.m.<br />
Special performance by Magnus Monfeldt: Friday 20 February 2009, 8 p.m.</p>
<p>Trapped in Amber curators in conversation with the artists: Sunday 21 February 2009, 3 p.m.</p>
<p>Artists: <a href="http://www.danielandujar.org" target="_blank">Daniel Garcia Andujar (ESP),</a> <a href="http://www.arteeast.org/pages/artists/hamdi-attia/" target="_blank">Hamdi Attia (EGY/USA)</a>, <a href="http://www.bodilfuru.com" target="_blank">Bodil Furu (NO)</a>, <a href="http://www.internationalfellowships.org.uk/artistpage.php?artist_id=23" target="_blank">Assefa Gebrekidan (ETH)</a>, <a href="http://www.artshost.org/wasla/Iman.html" target="_blank">Iman Issa (EGY/USA)</a>, <a href="http://mahmoudkhaled.com/" target="_blank">Mahmoud Khaled (EGY)</a>, <a href="http://www.smba.nl/en/exhibitions/screens-on-11-la-promesa/" target="_blank">Magnus Monfeldt (SWE/NDL)</a>, and <a href="http://www.mongrel.org.uk" target="_blank">Harwood/Wright/Yokokoji (UK)</a></p>
<p>Curated by: <a href="http://www.acafspace.org/" target="_blank">Bassam El Baroni</a> and <a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga-Marie_Nordby" target="_blank">Helga-Marie Nordby</a></p>
<p>The exhibition is part of the project Africa in Oslo initiated by The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, which also involves Stenersen Museum, Oslo Museum: International Cultural Centre and Museum, Oslo Fine Art Society and Kunstnernes hus (more info below)<span id="more-168"></span></p>
<p>Trapped in Amber: Angst for a Reenacted Decade is an exhibition that draws on Oslo’s art history, specifically the city’s tradition of northern European ‘Angst’ demonstrated in the oeuvres of such pivotal figures as Edvard Munch. The exhibition aims to test the limits of cultural industry stereotypes by creating a contemporary comparative to the phenomenon of Fin de siècle angst-ridden artistic production. Through the works of the invited artists, Trapped in Amber considers angst’s possible post-continental existence today in contemporary artistic formats. Of particular interest is the way angst can live on and express itself in a different world and age, experiencing different problems and in the midst of new cultural, socio-economic, and information dynamics.</p>
<p>Most narratives written by the cannon on the Fin de siècle symbolists and expressionists, point out that these artists aimed at capturing and portraying some sort of universal angst, a border-crossing scream of human emotional intensity; the metaphors are plentiful. Universality back then seems to have lacked a common cultural denominator, and to have been defined mostly in relation to nature, spirituality, and in some cases creative egotism. If the Fin de siècle artists reflected what was to them the &#8216;universal angst&#8217; of their time, what kind of images, cultural processes, critical perspectives, or icons, if any, can reflect and be involved with a &#8216;universal angst&#8217; in today&#8217;s world? How can one engage with terms such as “Universal” and “Angst” in a narrative of the here and now? Trapped in Amber aims to engineer a critical and spatial context where the works articulate different trajectories cutting through the main issues of angst and/or universality.</p>
<p>The global financial crisis is taking its toll on many, another ‘great depression’ but this time born of hyper-deregulation, the resurgence of political and social ideologies that were quite hastily labeled ‘dead’, and a decade marking the deterioration of the world’s intercultural relationships. Perhaps the world is currently trapped in an amber traffic light switched on by a past epoch, still not able to make substantial moves forward on the socio-cultural and political levels despite great technological advances. Perhaps, the cultural economy we function in is verging on the archaic because our ideologies are too old to develop potent discourses and our post-ideological frames of mind are nothing but the pretty and fresh looking amber resin that encases old and untouched problems. In light of these metaphorical realizations, Trapped in Amber seeks to traverse between the very early modernist years, in which the art of Edvard Munch reached its peak, and the social, intellectual, and political conditions in which art has existed during the first decade of the 21st century.</p>
<p>One of the ways this traversing takes effect is through the introduction of a series of collectively rendered exhibition props that were co-created by the participating artists, the curators, and UKS staff. Visible throughout the exhibition, &#8216;the Frieze of life&#8217; is a collective amalgam of imagery that was created by gathering images found on the World Wide Web. The participating artists contributed a number of images that were considered relative to the idea of a present day ‘Frieze of Life’; the images were then reconfigured into digital collages that reference the abundant hanging style of grand salon exhibitions. Elsewhere, visitors can take a seat on the specially redesigned circular pouf sofa, reminiscent of the sofa used in Munch&#8217;s Berlin solo show at the Equitable Palast (1892-1893), but with fabrics created by each of the exhibition&#8217;s artists.</p>
<p>Trapped in Amber attempts to construct a contemporary parallel to the Fin de siècle&#8217;s output on art, the artist, society, and politics. This could be a relational equation that senses some of the possible links and separators between this and that era, or it could be a pseudo-parallel that stimulates schemas, tactics, and discussions.  But ultimately, it is through setting up this spot where past and present are inseparable that latent frictions are activated.</p>
<p>Africa in Oslo:<br />
Maputo: A Tale of One City<br />
Berry Bickle, Ângela Ferreira, Pompílio Hilário Gemuce, Rafael Mouzinho, Emeka Okereke, Lourenço Dinis Pinto, Mauro Pinto<br />
Kuratorer: Bisi Silva, Daniella van Dijk-Wennberg og Marianne Hultman<br />
Part 1 opens 6 p.m. Oslo Museum; International Cultural Centre and Museum, Tøyenbekken 5<br />
The exhibition opens at 6 p.m. by Ambassador Pedro Comissário from the Embassy<br />
of The Republic of Mozambique in the Nordic countries and the Norwegian Ambassador in Maputo Tove Bruvik Westberg<br />
Part 2 opens 7 p.m.  Oslo Fine Art Society, Rådhusgaten 19</p>
<p>Hypocrisy: the site specificity of morality<br />
Georges Adéagbo, Birgir Andrésson, Olaf Breuning, El Parche,<br />
Marianne Heier, Gunilla Klingberg, Moshekwa Langa, Steve McQueen,<br />
George Osodi, Wilfredo Prieto, Pascale Marthine Tayou<br />
Curators: Stina Högkvist and Koyo Kouoh<br />
Opens 6 p.m.<br />
National Museum &#8211; Museum of Contemporary, Bankplassen 4</p>
<p>Beauty and Pleasure in South African Contemporary Art<br />
Dineo Bopape, Andries Botha, Frances Goodman, Kay Hassan, Nicholas Hlobo, Lawrence Lemaoana, Langa Magwa, Senzeni Marasela, Nandipha Mntambo, Ahti Patra Ruga, Berni Searle, Nontsikeleo Veleko<br />
Curator: Selene Wendt<br />
Opens 6 p.m.<br />
Stenersenmuseet, Munkedamsveien 15</p>
<p>Looking Inside Out<br />
Kader Attia, Dora Dhouib, Hala Elkoussy, Mounir Fatmi, Chourouk<br />
Hriech, Bouchra Khalili, Nicène Kossentini, Driss Ouadahi, Younès<br />
Rahmoun, Hans Hamid Rasmussen og Batoul Shimi<br />
Curators: Maaretta Jaukkuri and Cristina Ricupero<br />
Opens 6 p.m.<br />
Kunstnernes Hus,Wergelandsveien 17</p>
<p>Trapped in Amber: Angst for a Reenacted Decade<br />
Daniel Garcia Andujar, Hamdi Attia, Bodil Furu, Assefa Gebrekidan, Iman Issa, Mahmoud Khaled, Magnus Monfeldt, Harwood/Wright/Yokokoji<br />
Curators: Bassam El Baroni and Helga-Marie Nordby<br />
Performance by Magnus Monfeldt 8 p.m.<br />
Artist talk 21/02 3 p.m.<br />
Unge Kunstneres Samfund, Lakkegata 55d</p>
<p>Offshore: George Osodi<br />
Public Art Norway (KORO)<br />
6-16 February 5 p.m.-10 a.m. in Vaterlandsparken and in Bjørvika</p>
<p>Africa in Oslo is supported by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Fritt ord</p>
<p>UKS &#8211; Unge Kunstneres Samfund/Young Artists Society<br />
Lakkegata 55d<br />
0187 Oslo<br />
e-mail: &lt;mailto:info@uks.no&gt;info@uks.no<br />
Web: &lt;http://www.uks.no&gt;www.uks.no</p>



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		<title>Arte y crítica</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/03/arte-y-critica/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/02/03/arte-y-critica/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Feb 2009 13:44:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[1994]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Critic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dostoïevski]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Emmanuel Levinas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[español]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=161</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[EMMANUEL LEVINAS Traducción del francés de Saúl Kaminer. Por lo general, admitimos como dogma que la función del arte consiste en expresar, y que la expresión artística descansa sobre una certidumbre. Ya sea el pintor o el músico, el artista dice. Dice lo inefable. La obra prolonga y rebasa la percepción vulgar. Lo que la [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://fractal.com.mx/F28levinas.html" target="_blank">EMMANUEL LEVINAS</a></p>
<p><em>Traducción del francés de Saúl Kaminer</em>.</p>
<p>Por lo general, admitimos como dogma que la función del arte consiste en expresar, y que la expresión artística descansa sobre una certidumbre. Ya sea el pintor o el músico, el artista <em>dice</em>. Dice lo inefable. La obra prolonga y rebasa la percepción vulgar. Lo que la segunda vuelve trivial y deja de lado, la primera, coincidiendo con la intuición metafísica, lo capta en su esencia irreductible. Ahí donde el lenguaje común abdica, el poema o el cuadro hablan. Así, la obra, más real que la realidad, consuma la dignidad de la imaginación artística que se erige en saber de lo absoluto. Incluso descalificado como canon estético, el realismo conserva todo su prestigio. De hecho sólo lo negamos en nombre de un realismo superior: el surrealismo es un superlativo.<span id="more-161"></span></p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">La propia crítica profesa este dogma. Entra en el juego del artista con toda la seriedad de la ciencia. A través de las obras, estudia la psicología, los caracteres, los medios, los paisajes. Como si en el evento estético, un objeto fuese liberado por la curiosidad del investigador, el microscopio –o el telescopio– de la visión artística. Al lado del arte difícil, la crítica parece llevar una existencia parasitaria. Un fondo de realidad, inaccesible a la inteligencia conceptual, se vuelve su presa. O bien la crítica sustituye al arte. ¿Acaso interpretar a Mallarmé no es traicionarlo? ¿Acaso interpretarlo fielmente no es suprimirlo? Decir con claridad lo que él dice oscuramente es revelar la vanidad de su hablar oscuro.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">La crítica como función distinta de la vida literaria, la crítica experta y profesional, ya sea como artículo de periódico, de revista o como libro, puede parecer sospechosa y desprovista de razón de ser. Pero tiene su fuga en el espíritu del escucha, del espectador, del lector. La crítica como el comportamiento mismo del público. No satisfecho con dejarse absorber por el goce estético, el público siente una necesidad irresistible de hablar.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">Que el público tenga algo que decir, cuando el artista se niega a decir de la obra otra cosa más que la obra misma –que no podamos contemplar en silencio–, justifica la crítica. Podemos definirlo así: el hombre que tiene algo que decir cuando todo ha sido dicho, ¿qué otra cosa puede decir de la obra más que la obra misma?</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">De ahí que tengamos el derecho de preguntarnos si verdaderamente el artista conoce y habla. En un prefacio o en un manifiesto –sin duda; pero entonces, él mismo es el público. Si el arte no fuese originalmente ni lenguaje ni conocimiento –si se situara fuera del “ser en el mundo”, coextensivo a la verdad– la crítica se vería rehabilitada. Marcaría la intervención necesaria de la inteligencia para integrar a la vida humana y al espíritu la inhumanidad y la inflexión del arte.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">Tal vez la tendencia a captar el fenómeno estético en la literatura –allí donde la palabra es la materia del artista– explica el dogma contemporáneo del conocimiento por el arte. No siempre ponemos atención en la transformación que sufre la palabra en la literatura. El arte-palabra, el arte-conocimiento, trae consigo el problema del arte comprometido (<em>engagé</em>), que se confunde con el de la literatura comprometida.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">Subestimamos el terminado (el acabado), sello indeleble de la producción artística, por medio del cual la obra queda esencialmente liberada (<em>degagée</em>); el instante supremo cuando se da la última pincelada, cuando no hay una palabra mas que agregar al texto, cuando no hay una sola palabra que quitar, y por lo cual una obra es clásica. Acabamiento distinto de la interrupción pura y simple que limita al lenguaje, a las obras de la naturaleza y de la industria. Aun más, podríamos preguntarnos si no deberíamos reconocer un elemento de arte en la obra artesanal, en toda obra humana, ya sea comercial o diplomática, en la medida en que además de la adaptación a su objetivo, presenta el testimonio de un acuerdo con un no se qué extrínseco del curso de las cosas, y que la pone fuera del mundo, como el pasado para siempre cumplido de las ruinas, como la inasible extrañeza de lo exótico. El artista se detiene porque la obra se <em>rehusa</em> a recibir algo más; parece saturada. La obra se termina a pesar de las causas –sociales o materiales– que la interrumpen. Ésta no se da como el comienzo de un diálogo.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">Este acabamiento no justifica necesariamente la estética académica del arte por el arte. Falsa formula, en la medida en que sitúa el arte por encima de la realidad y no le reconoce ningún dominio; fórmula inmoral en la medida en que libera al artista de sus obligaciones como ciudadano y le asegura una pretenciosa y fácil nobleza. La obra no tendría nada que ver con el arte, si no tuviera una estructura formal de terminado (<em>achèvement</em>); si por ahí, al menos, no estuviese liberada (<em>dégagée</em>). Basta con ponernos de acuerdo sobre el valor de está liberación (<em>dégagement</em>) y sobre su significado. ¿El liberarse del mundo es acaso un ir <em>más allá</em>, hacia la región de las ideas platónicas, hacia lo eterno que domina al mundo?</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">¿No podemos hablar de una liberación hacia un más acá, de una interrupción del tiempo por un movimiento que está por encima del tiempo, en sus “intersticios”?</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">Ir más allá es comunicar con las ideas, comprender. ¿Acaso la función del arte no consiste en no comprender? ¿Acaso la oscuridad misma no le proporciona su elemento mismo y un terminado<em> sui generis</em>, exterior a la dialéctica y a la vida de las ideas?</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">¿Se puede afirmar entonces que el artista conoce y expresa la oscuridad misma de lo real? Esto plantea una pregunta más general en la cual todo propósito sobre el arte queda subordinado: ¿en qué consiste la <em>non-vérité</em> (no verdad) del ser?; ¿se define ésta siempre en relación a la verdad, como un residuo del <em>comprender</em>?</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">
<p class="Estilo3" align="justify">El comercio con lo oscuro, como evento ontológico completamente independiente, ¿acaso no describe categorías irreductibles a las del conocimiento? Si tan sólo pudiéramos mostrar en el<span class="Estilo6">e</span>arte<span class="Estilo6">e</span> este<span class="Estilo6">e</span> acontecimiento. <span class="Estilo6">e</span>Éste no conoce<span class="Estilo6">e</span> un<span class="Estilo6">e</span> tipo <span class="Estilo3">particular de realidad –la elige en relación con el conocimi</span>ento. Es el acontecimiento mismo del oscurecimiento, una caída de la noche, una invasión de la sombra. Por decirlo en términos teológicos que permitan delimitar –aunque sea groseramente– las ideas en relación a las concepciones comunes: el arte, no pertenece al orden de la revelación. Pero tampoco al de la creación, donde el movimiento continúa en un sentido exactamente inverso.</p>
<p class="Estilo3" align="left">L<span class="Estilo5">O IMAGINARIO, LO SENSIBLE, LO MUSICAL</span></p>
<p align="justify">El procedimiento más elemental del arte consiste en sustituir al objeto por su imagen. Imagen que no es concepto. El concepto es el objeto captado del objeto, el objeto inteligible. Por la acción mantenemos con el objeto real una relación viva, lo captamos, lo concebimos. La imagen neutraliza esta relación real, esta concepción original del acto. El famoso desapego de la visión artística –en el cual– se detiene el análisis actual de la estética –significa antes que nada una ceguera con respecto a los conceptos.</p>
<p align="justify">El desapego del artista apenas amerita este título. Excluye precisamente la libertad que la noción de desapego implica. Hablando rigurosamente, excluye el sometimiento que supone la libertad. La imagen no engendra como el conocimiento científico y como la verdad; una <em>concepción</em> –no conlleva el <em>laisser être</em> (dejar ser), el “<em>Sein-lassen</em>” de Heidegger, donde se lleva a cabo la transformación de la objetividad en poder. La imagen marca una influencia sobre nosotros, más que sobre nuestra iniciativa: una pasividad innata. Poseído, inspirado, el artista, dicen, escucha una musa. La imagen es musical. Pasividad que es directamente visible en la magia del canto, de la música, de la poesía. La estructura excepcional de la estructura estética trae consigo este singular término de magia, que nos permite precisar y concretar la noción un poco desgastada de pasividad.</p>
<p align="justify">La idea de ritmo, que la crítica de arte invoca tan frecuentemente, aunque dejándola en estado de una vaga noción sugestiva y “passe-partout”, indica la manera en que el orden poético, mas que una ley inherente a de este orden, nos afecta. De la realidad se desprenden conjuntos cerrados donde los elementos se nominan mutuamente como sílabas de un verso, pero que sólo se llaman entre si cuando se nos imponen. Pero se nos imponen sin que los asumamos. <em>O más bien es nuestro consentimiento de ellos el que se transforma en participación</em>. Entran en nosotros o nosotros entramos en ellos, poco importa. El ritmo representa la situación única donde podemos hablar de consentimiento, de asunción, de iniciativa, de libertad –porque el sujeto es sorprendido y llevado. Toma parte de su propia representación. Pero <em>no a pesar suyo</em>, porque en el ritmo desaparece el uno mismo: como un paso del si mismo al anonimato. Esto es el embrujamiento o el encantamiento de la poesía y de la música. Un modo de ser al que no se aplica ni la forma del conciente, puesto que el yo se despoja de su prerrogativa de asunción, de su poder, ni la forma del inconsciente, porque toda la situación y todas sus articulaciones están presentes en una oscura claridad. <em>Sueño despierto</em>. Ni la costumbre, ni el reflejo, ni el instinto se mantienen en esta claridad. El particular automatismo del andar o de la danza al son de la música es un modo de ser donde nada es inconsciente, pero donde la conciencia, paralizada en su libertad, juega, absorbida por completo en ese juego. Escuchar la música es, en un sentido, contenerse de bailar o andar. El movimiento, el gesto, importan poco. Sería más justo hablar de interés que de desapego a propósito de la imagen. Ésta es interesante, sin ningún espíritu de utilidad, en el sentido de “entraînante” (arrastrar). En el sentido etimológico: estar <em>entre</em> las cosas que, por lo tanto, no tendrían que tener más que rango de objetos. “Entre las cosas”, distinto del “estar en el mundo” heideggeriano, constituye lo patético del mundo imaginario del sueño: el sujeto está entre las cosas, no solamente en su profundidad de ser, exigiendo un “aquí”, un “algún lugar” y conservando su libertad. Está entre las cosas, como cosa, participando del espectáculo, exterior a él, de una exterioridad que no es la de un cuerpo, ya que el dolor de ese yo-actor, ese yo-espectáculo lo resiente sin que sea por compasión. En verdad exterioridad de lo íntimo.</p>
<p align="justify">Es sorprendente que el análisis fenomenológico no haya buscado sacar partido de esta paradoja fundamental del ritmo y del sueño, que describe una esfera situada fuera del consciente y del inconsciente, y donde la etnografía ha puesto en evidencia su rol en todos los ritos extáticos; y es sorprendente que nos hayamos quedado en las metáforas de los fenómenos “ideo-motores” y en el estudio de la prolongación de las sensaciones en acciones. Acaso pensando en esta inversión del poder en participación es como podemos, nosotros, utilizar aquí los términos de ritmo y de lo musical.</p>
<p align="justify">Es preciso entonces separarlos de las artes sonoras donde se les considera exclusivamente, y ubicarlos en una categoría estética general. El lugar privilegiado del ritmo se encuentra, ciertamente, en la música, ya que el elemento del músico lleva a cabo, en la pureza, la desconceptualización de la realidad. El sonido es la cualidad más separada del objeto. Su relación con la sustancia de la cual emana no se inscribe en su cualidad. Resuena impersonalmente. Su mismo timbre, huella de su pertenencia al objeto, se pierde en su cualidad sin conservar su estructura de relación. También al escuchar acaso no captamos un “<em>quelque chose</em>”, pero nos hallamos sin conceptos: la musicalidad pertenece naturalmente al sonido. Y, en efecto, entre todas las clases de imágenes que la psicología tradicional distingue, la imagen del sonido es la que más se asemeja al sonido real. Insistir en la musicalidad de toda imagen es ver en la imagen su indiferencia respecto al objeto, su independencia respecto a la categoría de sustancia que el análisis de nuestros manuales atribuye a la sensación pura, todavía no convertida en percepción –a la sensación adjetivo– y que, para la psicología empírica, queda como un caso limite, como un dato puramente hipotético.</p>
<p align="justify">Todo sucede como si la sensación, de toda concepción, esta famosa sensación inasible para la introspección, apareciera con la imagen. La sensación no es un residuo de la percepción, sino una función propia: la influencia que la imagen ejerce sobre nosotros –una función de ritmo–. El-ser-en-el-mundo, como se dice hoy en día, es una existencia con conceptos. La sensibilidad se plantea como un evento ontológico distinto, pero solo se cumple en la imaginación.</p>
<p align="justify">Si el arte consiste en sustituir la imagen por el ser –el elemento estético es, conforme a su etimología, la sensación. El conjunto de nuestro mundo, con su conformación elemental e intelectualmente elaborada, nos puede tocar musicalmente, volverse imagen. Por eso, el arte clásico vinculado al objeto, todos esos cuadros, todas esas estatuas representando <em>quelque chose</em>, todos esos poemas que reconocen la sintaxis y la puntuación, no se conforman menos a la esencia verdadera del arte que las obras modernas que se pretenden música pura, pintura pura, poesía pura, con el pretexto de expulsar los objetos del mundo de los sonidos, de los colores, de las palabras donde estas nos introducen; bajo pretexto de romper la representación. El objeto representado se convierte, por el simple hecho de volverse imagen, en no-objeto; la imagen como tal, entra en categorías originales que quisiéramos exponer aquí. La desencarnación de la realidad por la imagen no equivale a una simple disminución de grado. Se desprende de una dimensión ontológica que no se extiende entre nosotros y una realidad por aferrar, sino ahí donde el comercio con la realidad es un ritmo.</p>
<p align="left">P<span class="Estilo5">ARECIDO E IMAGEN </span></p>
<p align="justify">La fenomenología de la imagen insiste en su transparencia. La intención del que contempla la imagen ha de ir directamente a través de la imagen, como a través de una ventana al mundo que ésta representa, pero enfocando un <em>objeto</em>. Por otro lado, nada más misterioso que el término “mundo que ésta representa” –ya que la representación no expresa precisamente más que la función de la imagen que aún está por determinar.</p>
<p align="justify">Teoría de la transparencia establecida como reacción contra la teoría de la imagen mental –cuadro interior– que dejaría en nosotros la percepción del objeto. Nuestra mirada en la imaginación se dirige entonces, siempre al exterior, pero la imaginación modifica o neutraliza esa mirada: en cierta manera el mundo real aparece entre paréntesis o entre comillas. El problema consiste en concretar el sentido de estos procedimientos de escritura. El mundo imaginario se presentaría como irreal –¿pero acaso podemos decir algo más de esta irrealidad?</p>
<p align="justify">¿En qué la imagen difiere del símbolo, del signo o de la palabra? En la manera misma en que esta se refiere a su objeto: por el parecido. Esto supone una interrupción del pensamiento sobre la misma imagen y, por consiguiente, una cierta opacidad de la imagen. El signo es transparencia pura, no cuenta de ningún modo por sí mismo. ¿Entonces hay que volver a la imagen como realidad independiente que se parece al original? No, pero a condición de plantear el parecido no como el resultado de una comparación entre la imagen y el original, sino como el movimiento mismo que engendra a la imagen. La realidad no solo sería lo que es, lo que se revela en la verdad, sino también su doble, su sombra, su imagen.</p>
<p align="justify">El ser no solamente es él mismo, se escapa. He aquí una persona que es quien es; pero no nos hace olvidar, ni absorbe, ni recubre enteramente los objetos que toma ni la manera en que los toma, sus gestos, sus miembros, su mirada, su pensamiento, su piel, que se escapan bajo la identidad de su sustancia, incapaz de contenerlos como un saco agujerado. Y es así como la persona lleva en su rostro, al lado de su ser con quien coincide, su propia caricatura, su aspecto pintoresco. Lo pintoresco es siempre ligeramente caricatura. He aquí algo familiar, cotidiano, adaptado perfectamente a la mano que tiene ya la costumbre – pero sus cualidades, su color, su forma, su posición permanecen a la vez como detrás de su ser. Como “nippes” (vestigios) de un alma que se ha retirado de esta cosa, como una “naturaleza muerta”. Y sin embargo todo eso es la persona, la cosa. Hay, pues, en esta persona, en esta cosa una dualidad; una dualidad en su ser. Es quien es y a la vez es extraña a si misma y hay una relación entre esos dos momentos. Diríamos que la cosa es ella misma y es su imagen. Y esa relación entre la cosa y su imagen es el parecido.</p>
<p align="justify">La situación semeja a lo que sucede en la fábula. Los animales que figuran hombres le dan a la fábula su propio color, porque son vistos <em>como</em> esos animales y no solamente a través de esos animales; ya que los animales detienen y llenan el pensamiento. Ahí está todo el poder de la alegoría, toda su originalidad. La alegoría no es un simple auxiliar del pensamiento, una manera de volver concreta y popular una abstracción para espíritus infantiles, el símbolo del pobre. Es un comercio ambiguo con la realidad, en la que ésta no se refiere a sí misma, sino, a su reflejo, a su sombra. La alegoría representa por consiguiente, lo que en el objeto mismo lo duplica. Podemos decir que la imagen es la alegoría del ser.</p>
<p align="justify">El ser es lo que es, lo que se revela en su verdad y a la vez tiene parecido; es su propia imagen. El original se da como si estuviese a distancia de sí mismo, como si se retirase, como si algo en el ser se retrasara en el ser. La conciencia de ausencia del objeto que caracteriza a la imagen, no equivale, como lo quiere Husserl, a una simple neutralización de la tesis, sino a una alteración del ser mismo del objeto, una alteración a tal punto, que sus formas esenciales aparecen como un atavío que abandona al retirarse. Contemplar una imagen es contemplar un cuadro. Es a partir de la fenomenología del cuadro que tenemos que comprender la imagen y no a la inversa.</p>
<p align="justify">El cuadro tiene, en la visión del objeto representado, un espesor propio: es al mismo tiempo objeto de la mirada. La conciencia de la representación consiste en saber que el objeto no está ahí. Los elementos percibidos no son el objeto, sino como sus “nippes”, manchas de color, pedazos de mármol o de bronce. Estos elementos no funcionan como símbolos y, en ausencia del objeto, no forzan su presencia, sino que, por su presencia insisten en su ausencia. Ocupan completamente su lugar marcando su alejamiento, como si el objeto representado muriese, se degradase, se desencarnara en su propio reflejo. El cuadro no nos conduce pues más allá de la realidad dada, sino, en cierta manera a un más acá. Es un símbolo a contracorriente. Libera al poeta o al pintor que ha descubierto el “misterio” y la “extrañeza” del mundo que habita todos los días de creer que ha rebasado la realidad. El misterio del ser no es su mito. El artista se mueve en un universo que precede –ya diremos más adelante en qué sentido– al mundo de la creación, en un universo que el artista ya ha rebasado en su pensamiento y sus actos cotidianos.</p>
<p align="justify">La idea de sombra o reflejo a la cual aludimos –un doble esencial de la realidad por su imagen, de una ambigüedad “más acá”– se extiende hacia la luz misma, al pensamiento, a la vida interior. La realidad en su totalidad presenta en sus aspectos su propia alegoría fuera de su revelación y de su verdad. Al utilizar la imagen el arte no solo refleja, sino que lleva a cabo esta alegoría. A través de él la alegoría se introduce en el mundo, así como por el conocimiento se cumple la verdad. Dos posibilidades contemporáneas del ser. Al lado de la simultaneidad de la idea y del alma –es decir, del ser y su revelación– que enseña el <em>Phedon</em>, hay simultaneidad del ser y su reflejo. Lo absoluto, a la vez, se revela a la razón y se presta a una especie de erosión exterior a toda causalidad. La no-verdad no es un residuo oscuro del ser, sino su carácter sensible a través del cual, hay en el mundo parecido e imagen. A partir del parecido, el mundo platónico del futuro, es un mundo menor, solamente de apariencias. Como dialéctica del ser y la nada, aparece felizmente, desde el <em>Parménide</em>, el porvenir en el mundo de las ideas. Es en calidad de imitación que la participación engendra sombras y decide sobre la participación de las ideas, de unas a otras, revelándose a la inteligencia. La discusión sobre la primacía del arte o de la naturaleza ¿imita el arte a la naturaleza o la belleza natural imita al arte? –desconoce la simultaneidad de la verdad y de la imagen.</p>
<p align="justify">La noción de sombra permite, pues, situar en la economía general del ser la del parecido. El parecido no es la participación del ser en una idea –donde, por otra parte el antiguo argumento del tercer hombre muestra su inanidad–, es la estructura misma de lo sensible como tal. Lo sensible es el ser en la medida en que se parece, por eso, fuera de su obra triunfal de ser, hecha una sombra; libera esta esencia oscura e inasible, esta esencia fantasmal que nada permite identificar con la esencia revelada en la verdad. No hay primero imagen –visión neutralizada del objeto– que después difiera del signo y del símbolo por su parecido con el original: La neutralización de la posición en la imagen es precisamente este parecido.</p>
<p align="justify">La <em>trascendencia</em> de la que habla Jean Wahl, separada de la significación ética que esta implica en él, tomada en un sentido rigurosamente ontológico, puede caracterizar este fenómeno de degradación o de erosión de lo absoluto que hemos encontrado en la imagen y en el parecido.</p>
<p align="left">E<span class="Estilo5">L ENTRETIEMPO </span></p>
<p align="justify">Decir que la imagen es una sombra del ser, solo sería una metáfora si no mostráramos donde se sitúa el más-acá del que hablamos. Hablar de inercia o de muerte no nos permitiría avanzar mucho, primero sería necesario hablar de la significación ontológica de la materialidad misma.</p>
<p align="justify">Hemos contemplado la imagen como la caricatura, la alegoría o lo pintoresco que la realidad lleva sobre su propia cara. Toda la obra de Giraudoux cumple esta puesta en imágenes de la realidad con un espíritu de continuidad que no ha sido apreciado, a pesar del justo valor de la fama de Giraudoux. Hasta entonces parecíamos basar nuestra concepción en una falla del ser, entre él y su esencia, que no ceñida a él, lo esconde y lo traiciona. Lo cual, en realidad no permite más que aproximarnos al fenómeno que nos preocupa. El llamado arte clásico –el arte de la antigüedad y sus imitadores– el arte de las formas ideales –corrige la caricatura del ser– la nariz “camus”, el gesto sin soltura. La belleza es el ser disimulando su caricatura, tapando o absorbiendo su sombra. ¿Acaso la absorbe por completo? No se trata de preguntarse si las formas perfectas del arte griego pudiesen ser aún más perfectas, ni si se ven perfectas en todas las latitudes. La caricatura insuperable de la imagen, la más perfecta, se manifiesta en la estupidez del ídolo. La imagen como ídolo nos lleva a la significación ontológica de su irrealidad. Esta vez, la obra de ser ella misma, el <em>existir</em> mismo del ser se duplica en un simulacro de existir.</p>
<p align="justify">Decir que la imagen es ídolo es afirmar que finalmente toda imagen es plástica y que toda obra de arte es, a final de cuentas, estatua: una interrupción del tiempo o más bien un retraso sobre sí mismo. Pero resulta importante mostrar en qué sentido se interrumpe o retrasa y en qué sentido el existir de la estatua es un simulacro del existir del ser.</p>
<p align="justify">La estatua lleva a cabo la paradoja de la duración de un instante sin futuro. El instante no es en realidad su duración. Aquí no está dado como el elemento infinitesimal de la duración –instante de un rayo–; tiene, a su manera, una duración casi eterna. No sólo pensamos en la duración de la obra en tanto que objeto, la permanencia de los escritos en las bibliotecas y de las estatuas en los museos. Al interior de la vida o, mejor dicho, de la muerte de la estatua, el instante dura infinitamente: “Laocoon” será atrapado eternamente en el abrazo de las serpientes, eternamente la Gioconda sonreirá. Eternamente el porvenir que se anuncia en los músculos tensos de “Laocoon” nunca se volverá presente. Eternamente la sonrisa de la Gioconda a punto de abrirse no se abrirá. Un futuro eternamente suspendido flota alrededor de la posición fija de la estatua, como un futuro para siempre futuro. La inminencia del futuro dura frente a un instante privado de la característica esencial del presente que es su evanescencia. No habrá cumplido nunca su tarea de presente, como si la realidad se retirara de su propia realidad, dejándola sin poder. Situación en la que el presente no puede asumir nada, no puede tomar nada para sí –y, por lo tanto, es instante impersonal y anónimo.</p>
<p align="justify">El instante inmóvil de la estatua cobra toda la agudeza de su no-indiferencia en relación con la duración. Éste no es cuestión de eternidad. Pero tampoco es como si el artista no hubiese podido darle vida. Solamente la vida de la obra no rebasa el límite del instante. La obra no se logra –es mala– cuando no tiene esta aspiración a la vida que conmovió a Pigmaleón. Pero esto es sólo una aspiración. El artista le dio a la estatua una vida sin vida. Una vida irrisoria que no es dueña de sí misma, una caricatura de vida. Una presencia que no se recubre ella misma, pero que desborda por todas partes, que no logra tener en sus manos los hilos de la marioneta que es. Podemos fijar nuestra atención sobre lo que hay de marioneta en los personajes de una tragedia y reír en el teatro de la <em>Comedie-Française</em>. <em>Toda imagen es una caricatura</em>. Esta caricatura tiende a lo trágico. Ciertamente le corresponde al hombre ser poeta cómico y poeta trágico: ambigüedad que constituye la magia particular de los poetas como Gogol, Dickens, Tchekhov, –y Moliere y Cervantes y por encima de todos Shakespeare–.</p>
<p align="justify">Este presente incapaz de forzar el futuro es el destino mismo, ese destino refractario a la voluntad de dioses paganos, más fuerte que la necesidad racional de las leyes naturales. El destino no apunta hacia la necesidad universal. Necesidad de un ser libre, giro de la libertad en necesidad; su simultaneidad es una libertad que se descubre prisionera –el destino no encuentra lugar en la vida–. El conflicto entre libertad y necesidad en la acción humana aparece con la reflexión: cuando la acción ya se hunde en el pasado, el hombre descubre los motivos que la hicieron necesaria. Pero una antinomia no es una tragedia. En el instante de la estatua –en su futuro eternamente suspendido– lo trágico –simultaneidad de la necesidad y la libertad– puede cumplirse: el poder de la libertad se fija en una impotencia. Ahí todavía conviene acercar el arte y el sueño: el instante de la estatua es una pesadilla. No es que el artista represente seres agobiados por el destino, los seres entran en su destino porque son representados. Se encierran en su destino –esto es precisamente la obra de arte, acontecimiento del oscurecimiento del ser, paralelo a su revelación, paralelo a su verdad–. No porque la obra de arte reproduzca un tiempo parado: en la economía general del ser, el arte es el movimiento de la caída más acá del tiempo, en el destino. La novela no es, como lo piensa M. Pouillon, una manera de reproducir el tiempo –tiene su propio tiempo– es una manera única en la que el tiempo se temporaliza.</p>
<p align="justify">Desde entonces, comprendemos que el tiempo aparentemente introducido en la imagen por las artes no plásticas, como la música, la literatura, el teatro y el cine, no quebranta la fijación de la imagen. Que los personajes en el libro estén condenados a la repetición de los mismos actos y los mismos pensamientos no es simplemente realzar el hecho contingente del relato, exterior a esos personajes. Pueden ser narrados puesto que su ser se <em>parece</em>, se duplica y se inmoviliza. Fijación completamente diferente del concepto, el cual inicia la vida, ofrece la realidad a nuestros poderes, a la verdad, abre una dialéctica. Por su reflejo en el relato, el ser tiene una fijación no dialéctica, detiene la dialéctica y el tiempo.</p>
<p align="justify">Los personajes de la novela –seres encerrados, prisioneros. Su historia no termina nunca, persiste siempre, pero nunca avanza. La novela encierra a los seres en un destino a pesar de su libertad. Como si saliera de un libro la vida solicita al novelista cuando se le aparece. Un no se qué determinado surge en ésta, como si una continuidad de hechos se inmovilizaran y formaran una serie. Son descritos entre dos momentos bien determinados, el espacio de un tiempo donde la existencia atravesó un túnel. Los acontecimientos narrados forman una <em>situación</em>– se asemejan a un ideal plástico. El mito –es eso: la plasticidad de una historia. Lo que llamamos la elección del artista, traduce la selección natural de hechos y trazos que se fijan en un ritmo, transforma el tiempo en imagen.</p>
<p align="justify">Este resultado plástico de la obra literaria ha sido anotado por Proust en una página particularmente admirable de <em>La Prisionera</em>. Hablando de Dostoïevski no retiene ni las ideas religiosas, ni la metafísica, ni la psicología, sino algunos perfiles de las jovencitas, algunas imágenes: la casa del crimen con su escalera y su <em>dvornik</em> de <em>Crimen y Castigo</em>, la silueta de Grouchenka de los <em>Hermanos Karamazov</em>. Podríamos pensar que el elemento plástico de la realidad es, al final de cuentas, el objetivo mismo de la novela psicológica.</p>
<p align="justify">Se habla mucho de atmósfera a propósito de la novela. La crítica adopta fácilmente este lenguaje meteorológico. Se considera la introspección como el procedimiento fundamental del novelista, y se piensa que las cosas y la naturaleza, sólo pueden entrar en un libro envueltas de una atmósfera compuesta de emanaciones humanas. Al contrario, nosotros pensamos que una visión exterior –de una exterioridad total como la que hemos descrito más arriba a propósito del ritmo, donde el sujeto es exterior a sí mismo– es la verdadera razón del novelista. La atmósfera –es la oscuridad misma de la imagen. La poesía de Dickens –ciertamente psicólogo elemental–, la atmósfera de esos internados empolvados, la luz pálida de las oficinas de Londres con sus pasantes, las tiendas de los anticuarios, las figuras mismas de un Nickleby o de un Scrooge, sólo aparecen en una visión exterior erigida en método. No hay otra posibilidad. El novelista psicológico ve su vida interior desde fuera, no forzosamente a través de los ojos de otro, sino en la manera como participamos en un ritmo o un sueño. Todo el poder de la novela contemporánea, su arte de magia, consiste, tal vez, en esta manera de ver del exterior la interioridad, que no coincide para nada con los procedimientos del “behaviourism”.</p>
<p align="justify">Después de Bergson nos hemos acostumbrado a plantearnos la continuidad del tiempo como la esencia misma de la duración. La enseñanza cartesiana de la discontinuidad de la duración pasa, cuando mucho, por la ilusión de un tiempo sujeto a su trazo espacial, origen de falsos problemas para inteligencias incapaces de pensar la duración. Lo aceptamos como un truismo, una metáfora, acaso eminentemente espacial, de corte en la duración, una metáfora fotográfica de la instantánea del movimiento.</p>
<p align="justify">Por el contrario, nos hemos vuelto sensibles a la paradoja misma que el instante pueda detenerse. El hecho de que la humanidad haya podido darse un arte revela, en el tiempo, la incertidumbre de su continuidad, y como una muerte duplicando el impulso de la vida –la petrificación del instante al interior de la duración –castigo de “Niobé”– la inseguridad del ser presentando el destino, la gran obsesión del mundo del artista, del mundo pagano, Zenón, cruel Zenón&#8230; Esta flecha&#8230;</p>
<p align="justify">Hasta aquí el problema límite del arte. Ese presentimiento del destino en la muerte subsiste, así como el paganismo subsiste. Ciertamente, basta con dar una duración constituida para quitarle a la muerte el poder de interrumpir. Entonces, ésta es rebasada. Ubicarla en el tiempo es precisamente rebasarla –es encontrarse ya del otro lado del abismo, tenerla tras uno. La muerte-nada es la muerte del otro, la muerte para el sobreviviente. El tiempo mismo del “morir” no puede otorgar el otro lado de la orilla. Lo que este instante tiene de único y desgarrador se debe al hecho de nunca poder pasar. En el “morir”, el horizonte del futuro está dado, pero el futuro como promesa de un presente nuevo es rechazado –estamos en el intervalo, para siempre intervalo. Intervalo vacío donde deben encontrarse los personajes de ciertos cuentos de Edgar Poe, en los cuales, la amenaza aparece en su proximidad, ningún gesto es posible para sustraerse de está proximidad, pero está misma proximidad; no puede terminar nunca. Angustia que se prolonga, en otros cuentos, como miedo de ser enterrado vivo: como si la muerte no estuviese jamás suficientemente muerta. Como si paralelamente a la duración de los vivos, corriese la eterna duración del intervalo –el <em>entretiempo</em>.</p>
<p align="justify">El arte cumple precisamente esta duración en el intervalo, en esa esfera en la que el ser tiene el poder de atravesar, pero donde su sombra se inmoviliza. La duración eterna del intervalo donde se inmoviliza la estatua, difiere radicalmente de la eternidad del concepto –es el <em>entretiempo</em>, nunca terminado, durando por siempre–, algo de inhumano y monstruoso.</p>
<p align="justify">Inercia y materia no dan cuenta de la muerte particular de la sombra. Ya la materia inerte se refiere a una sustancia en la cual se aferran sus cualidades. En la estatua, la materia conoce la muerte del ídolo. La prohibición de las imágenes es verdaderamente el mandamiento supremo del monoteísmo, de una doctrina que supera al destino –la creación y la revelación a contracorriente.</p>
<p align="left">P<span class="Estilo5">OR UNA CRÍTICA FILOSÓFICA</span></p>
<p align="justify">El arte suelta la presa por la sombra.</p>
<p align="justify">Pero al introducir en el ser la muerte de cada instante –cumple su eterna duración en el entretiempo su unicidad, su valor. Valor ambiguo: único por no superable, porque incapaz de terminar no puede ir hacia algo<em> mejor</em>, no tiene la cualidad del instante vivo para el cual la salvación del futuro está abierta y donde puede terminar y sobrepasarse. Así, el valor de ese instante está hecho de su desgracia. Este valor triste es ciertamente lo bello del arte moderno opuesto a la belleza alegre del arte clásico.</p>
<p align="justify">Por otra parte, esencialmente liberado, el arte constituye, en un mundo de la iniciativa y de la responsabilidad, una dimensión de evasión.</p>
<p align="justify">Por ahí nos adherimos a la experiencia más común y banal del gozo estético. Es una de las razones que hacen aparecer el valor del arte. Nos proporciona en el mundo la oscuridad del <em>fatum</em>, pero sobre todo la irresponsabilidad que halaga como la ligereza y la gracia. Nos libera. Hacer o gozar una novela o un cuadro –no solo es tener que concebir, es también renunciar al esfuerzo de la ciencia, de la filosofía y del acto. No hablen no reflexionen, admiren en silencio y en paz –estos son los consejos de la sensatez satisfecha frente a lo bello. La magia reconocida en todos lados como la parte del diablo, goza en la poesía de una incomprensible tolerancia. Nos vengamos de la maldad produciendo su caricatura, la realidad la suprime sin matarla; conjuramos los malos espíritus llenando el mundo de ídolos que tienen bocas, pero que no hablan más. Como si el ridículo matara, como si a través de las canciones todo pudiese verdaderamente acabar. Encontramos un alivio cuando, más allá de las invitaciones a comprender y actuar, nos lanzamos en el ritmo de una realidad que sólo solicita su admisión en un libro o en un cuadro. El mito toma el lugar de misterio. El mundo por hacer es reemplazado por la terminación esencial de su sombra. No es desinterés por la contemplación, sino irresponsabilidad. El poeta se exila asimismo de la ciudad. Desde este punto de vista, el valor de lo bello es relativo. Hay algo de malévolo y egoísta y vil en el gozo artístico. Hay épocas que nos pueden dar vergüenza, como festejar en plena peste.</p>
<p align="justify">Así el arte no está comprometido por su propia virtud de arte. Es por esto que el arte no es el valor supremo de la civilización y no está prohibido pensar en una fase donde se encontrará reducido a una fuente de placer –que no podemos negar sin pecar de ridículo– teniendo su lugar –pero solamente un lugar– en la felicidad del hombre. ¿Es exagerado denunciar la hipertrofia del arte en nuestra época donde, casi para todos, éste es identificado con la vida espiritual?</p>
<p align="justify">Todo esto es verdad en el arte separado de la crítica que integra la obra inhumana del artista en el mundo humano. Ya sólo al abordar su técnica la crítica lo saca de su irresponsabilidad. Esta trata al artista como a un hombre que trabaja. Al buscar sus influencias, la crítica relaciona a este hombre no desprendido y orgulloso con la historia real. La crítica todavía preliminar. Ésta no enfrenta al acontecimiento artístico como tal: al oscurecimiento del ser en la imagen, a su suspensión en el entretiempo. El valor de la imagen para la filosofía reside en su situación entre dos tiempos y en su ambigüedad. El filósofo descubre más allá de la roca embrujada donde ésta resiste –todos los posibles que trepan a su alrededor. Los capta a través de la interpretación. Esto es plantear que la obra puede y debe ser considerada como un mito: a esta estatua inmóvil es preciso ponerla en movimiento y hacerla hablar. Empresa que no coincide con la simple reconstitución del original a partir de su copia. La exégesis filosófica habrá medido la distancia que separa el mito del ser real, tomará conciencia del acontecimiento creador mismo; acontecimiento que escapa al conocimiento, el cual va de ser en ser saltando los intervalos del entretiempo. Aquí el mito es a la vez la no-verdad y la fuente de la verdad filosófica, no obstante, si es verdad que la verdad filosófica; conlleva una dimensión propia de la inteligibilidad, no se satisface de leyes y causas que ligan entre ellos a los seres, sino que busca la obra de ser ella misma.</p>
<p align="justify">La crítica, al interpretar, escoge y limita. Pero si como elección permanece de este lado del mundo, en el más acá, que se ha establecido en el arte, ésta lo habrá reintroducido en el mundo inteligible donde se mantiene y que es la verdadera patria del espíritu. El escritor más lúcido se encuentra asimismo en el mundo embrujado de sus imágenes. Habla como si se moviese en un mundo de sombras –por enigmas, por alusiones, por sugestiones, en el equivoco–, como si la fuerza le faltara para plantear las realidades, como si no pudiese ir hacia ellas sin vacilar, como si cansado y torpe se comprometiera siempre más allá de sus decisiones, como si tirara la mitad del agua que nos trae. El más sagaz, el más lúcido se hace el loco. La interpretación de la crítica habla en plena posesión de sí, francamente a través del concepto que es como el músculo del espíritu.</p>
<p align="justify">La literatura moderna, vituperada por su intelectualismo, que por otro lado se remonta a Shakespeare, al Moliere de <em>Don Juan</em>, a Goethe, a Dostoïevski –manifiesta ciertamente una conciencia cada vez más nítida de esta arraigada insuficiencia de la idolatría artística. Con este intelectualismo el artista rechaza ser solamente artista; no porque quiera defender una tesis o una causa, sino porque tiene necesidad de interpretar el mismo sus mitos. Tal vez las dudas que ha arrojado la pretendida muerte de Dios sobre las almas después del Renacimiento, han comprometido para el artista la realidad de modelos a partir de ahoras inconsistentes, y le han impuesto la carga de encontrarlos en el seno de su producción misma, le han hecho creer en su misión de creador y revelador. La tarea de la crítica permanece como esencial, incluso si Dios no estuviese muerto, sino solamente exilado. Pero aquí no podemos abordar la “lógica” de la exégesis filosófica del arte. Esto exigiría una amplificación de la perspectiva que voluntariamente ha sido limitada. Se trataría efectivamente de hacer intervenir la perspectiva de la relación con el otro –sin la cual el ser no podría ser expresado en su realidad, es decir, en su tiempo.</p>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">© Emmanuel Levinas, “La réalite et son ombre”, Les imprévus de l’ histoire, Ed. Fata Morgana, 1994. Se publicó por primera vez en la revista Les temps modernes en 1948.</p>



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		<title>Daniel García Andújar in der Weserburg</title>
		<link>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/01/19/daniel-garcia-andujar-in-der-weserburg/</link>
		<comments>http://www.postcapital.org/2009/01/19/daniel-garcia-andujar-in-der-weserburg/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jan 2009 08:44:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anne Thurmann-Jajes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berlin Wall]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bremen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Exhibition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Weserburg]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.postcapital.org/?p=141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[24. Januar &#8211; 22. Februar 2009, Weserburg &#8211; Museum für moderne Kunst / Bremen Postcapital Archive (1989-2001) „Mauer/Bremen”, 2008-2009 „Mauer/Bremen“ ist ein neuer, speziell für Bremen konzipierter Teil des multimedialen Projektes „Postcapital. Archive 1989 &#8211; 2001“ des spanischen Künstlers Daniel García Andújar. Es thematisiert in besonderer Art und Weise die Ereignisse um 1989 und ihre [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4>24. Januar &#8211; 22. Februar 2009, <a href="http://www.weserburg.org" target="_blank">Weserburg &#8211; Museum für moderne Kunst / Bremen</a></h4>
<h4><img class="alignnone" title="Bremen" src="http://kulturlabskaus.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/image001.jpg" alt="" width="274" height="210" /></h4>
<p>Postcapital Archive (1989-2001)<br />
„Mauer/Bremen”, 2008-2009</p>
<p>„Mauer/Bremen“ ist ein neuer, speziell für Bremen konzipierter Teil des multimedialen Projektes „Postcapital. Archive 1989 &#8211; 2001“ des spanischen Künstlers Daniel García Andújar. Es thematisiert in besonderer Art und Weise die Ereignisse um 1989 und ihre bis heute andauernden Folgen.<br />
Für sein „Postcapital“-Archiv hat García in den letzten zehn Jahren mehr als 250.000 Dateien (Texte, Audiodokumente, Videos, etc.) aus dem Internet zusammengetragen, die die tief greifenden Veränderungen, die sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten weltweit auf gesellschaftlicher, politischer, ökonomischer und kultureller Ebene ereignet haben, dokumentieren. <span id="more-141"></span>Als Wendepunkte werden dabei der Fall der Berliner Mauer (1989) sowie die Attacken des 11. Septembers 2001 konfiguriert. Andújar betrachtet die Entwicklungen nach dem Mauerfall in Berlin dabei nicht unter Aspekten des Postkommunismus sondern des Postkapitalismus. Ihm geht es um die Frage, inwiefern sich die kapitalistischen Gesellschaften ohne ihr ehemaliges Gegenstück verändert haben und welche neuen Mauern mit den globalen Politiken nach 1989 und 2001 gezogen wurden.</p>
<p>Die Ausstellung ist eine Kooperation des Instituto Cervantes Bremen und des Studienzentrums für Künstlerpublikationen, anlässlich der 33. Literarischen Woche in Bremen.</p>
<p>Pressetermin: Mittwoch, 21. Januar 2009, 11 Uhr<br />
Eröffnung: Samstag, 24. Januar 2009, 18 Uhr</p>
<p><a title="Externer Link öffnet in einem neuen Fenster" href="http://www.weserburg.org/" target="_blank">Weserburg &#8211; Museum für moderne Kunst</a></p>



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